Paregreg War - 1404 AD - 1406 AD

Trowulan (DreamLandLibrary) - Paregreg War is a war between Majapahit west palace led by Wikramawardhana, against the eastern palace led by Bhre Wirabhumi. This war occurred in 1404-1406, and became a major cause of Majapahit's decline.

The establishment of the Kingdom of East Majapahit
Majapahit Kingdom was established in 1293 thanks to the cooperation of Raden Wijaya and Arya Wiraraja. In 1295, Raden Wijaya divided the two Majapahit territories to keep their promises during the struggle. The east side was handed over to Arya Wiraraja with the capital city in Lumajang.

In 1316 Jayanagara, son of Raden Wijaya, crushed the Nambi rebellion in Lumajang. After this event, the eastern region reunited with the western region.

According to Pararaton, in 1376 a new mountain emerged. This event can be interpreted as the emergence of a new kingdom, because according to Chinese chronicles from the Ming Dynasty, in 1377 in Java there were two independent kingdoms who both sent ambassadors to China. The Western Kingdom was headed by Wu-lao-po-wu, and the Eastern Kingdom was headed by Wu-lao-wang-chieh.

Wu-lao-po-wu is the Chinese spelling for Bhra Prabu, another name for Hayam Wuruk (according to Pararaton), while Wu-lao-wang-chieh is Bhre Wengker alias Wijayarajasa, Rajadewi's husband.

Wijayarajasa was apparently ambitious to become king. After the death of Gajah Mada, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, and Rajadewi, he built the eastern palace in Pamotan, so that in Pararaton, he also held the Bhatara Parameswara ring in Pamotan.

Lineage of Bhre Wirabhumi
Paregreg War is a war that is identical with the figure of Bhre Wirabhumi.

Bhre Wirabhumi's real name is unknown. According to Pararaton, he was Hayam Wuruk's son from a concubine, and became the adopted son of Bhre Daha's wife Wijayarajasa, namely Rajadewi. Bhre Wirabhumi then married Bhre Lasem the Alemu, the daughter of Bhre Pajang (Hayam Wuruk's younger sister).

According to Nagarakretagama, Bhre Wirabhumi's wife was Nagarawardhani the daughter of Bhre Lasem alias Indudewi. Indudewi is the daughter of Rajadewi and Wijayarajasa. The news in Nagarakretagama is more trustworthy than Pararaton, because it was written when Bhre Wirabhumi was still alive.

So in conclusion, Bhre Wirabhumi was born from a concubine Hayam Wuruk, became the adopted son of Rajadewi (Hayam Wuruk's aunt), and was later married to Nagarawardhani Rajadewi's grandson.

Cold War Wikramawardhana and Bhre Wirabhumi
During the reign of Hayam Wuruk and Wijayarajasa, relations between Majapahit in the west and east palaces were still filled with feelings of reluctance, considering that Wijayarajasa was Hayam Wuruk's in-laws.

Wijayarajasa died in 1398. He was succeeded by his adopted son and grandson's husband, Bhre Wirabhumi as the king of the eastern palace. Meanwhile Hayam Wuruk died in 1389. He was replaced by his nephew and son-in-law, Wikramawardhana.

When Indudewi died, the position of Bhre Lasem was handed over to his daughter, Nagarawardhani. But Wikramawardhana also appointed Kusumawardhani as Bhre Lasem. That is why, in Pararaton there were two Bhre Lasem, namely Bhre Lasem Sang Halemu, Bhre Wirabhumi's wife, and Bhre Lasem Sang Ahayu Wikramawardhana's wife.

This dispute in Bhre Lasem's position created a cold war between the western and eastern palaces, until finally Nagarawardhani and Kusumawardhani both died in 1400. Wikramawardhana immediately appointed his son-in-law as the new Bhre Lasem, namely Bhre Tumapel's wife.

Paregreg War
After the appointment of the new Bhre Lasem, the cold war between the western and eastern palaces turned into a dispute. According to Pararaton, Bhre Wirabhumi and Wikramawardhana had a fight in 1401 and then did not greet each other.

A dispute between the two kings erupted into the Paregreg War in 1404. Paregreg means war step by step in a slow tempo. The winning parties also took turns. Sometimes battles are won by the east, sometimes won by the west.

Akhirnya, pada tahun 1406 pasukan barat dipimpin Bhre Tumapel putra Wikramawardhana menyerbu pusat kerajaan timur. Bhre Wirabhumi menderita kekalahan dan melarikan diri menggunakan perahu pada malam hari. Ia dikejar dan dibunuh oleh Raden Gajah alias Bhra Narapati yang menjabat sebagai Ratu Angabhaya istana barat.

Raden Gajah brought the head of Bhre Wirabhumi to the western palace. Bhre Wirabhumi was then kidnapped in Lung named Girisa Pura.

As a result of the Paregreg War
After the defeat of Bhre Wirabhumi, the eastern kingdom reunited with the western kingdom. However, many subordinate areas outside Java were released without being prevented. For example, in 1405 the West Kalimantan region was captured by the Chinese empire. Then followed by the release of Palembang, Malay and Malacca, which grew up as busy trading ports, which were independent from Majapahit. Then off the area of ​​Brunei, which is also located on the northern Borneo Island.

In addition, Wikramawardhana also owed compensation to the Chinese ruling Ming Dynasty. As mentioned above, the Chinese know that in Java there are two kingdoms, west and east. Admiral Ceng Ho was sent as an ambassador to visit the two palaces. At the time of Bhre Wirabhumi's death, Ceng Ho's entourage was in the eastern palace. A total of 170 Chinese people were victims.

For the accident, Wikramawardhana was fined 60,000 tahil in compensation. Until 1408 he was only able to pay in 10,000. Finally, Emperor Yung Lo freed the fine out of pity. This event was recorded by Ma Huan (Ceng Ho's secretary) in his book, Ying-ya-sheng-lan.

After the Paregreg War, Wikramawardhana brought Bhre Daha's daughter Bhre Wirabhumi as a concubine. From the marriage was born Suhita who ascended the throne in 1427 to replace Wikramawardhana. In this Suhita government, revenge was carried out by executing Raden Gajah in 1433.

Paregreg War in Javanese Literature
The Paregreg incident was recorded in the memories of the Javanese people and told for generations. At the time of the development of Islamic empires in Java, the story of Paregreg was brought back in Fiber Kanda, Fiber Damarwulan, and Fiber Blambangan.


Narrated in Serat Kanda, there was a war between the Queen of Kencanawungu, the ruler of Majapahit in the west, and Menak Orange, the ruler of Blambangan in the east. Menak Orange finally died at the hands of the Damarwulan messenger sent by Ratu Kencanawungu.

After that, Damarwulan married Kencanawungu, and became the king of Majapahit with the title Prabu Mertawijaya. From the marriage then was born Brawijaya V who became the last king of Majapahit.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Paregreg
Photo: Special

The Background of the Paregreg War
Raden Wijaya's division of Majapahit power, led to the Paregreg War, which led to the collapse of the Majapahit empire.

Initially it happened due to a dispute between the kingdoms of East Majapahit under Bhre Wirabumi as the heir to the Wijayarajasa throne, with the Occupation of the West Majapahit as the heir to the throne of Bhra Prabu, which was under the direction of Wikramawardhana

There was a dispute between East Majapahit and West Majapahit, because of the struggle for the title of Bhre Lasem against his wife, or queen of the Kingdom of West Majapahit and the Kingdom of East Majapahit.

In the end, Bhre Wirabhumi was killed by Raden Gajah whose title was Bhra Narapati who served as the queen of the West Palace Angabhaya.

As a result of the Paregreg War
Weakening of the government, and many regions broke away from Majapahit, and continued to undergo a process of disintregation, which made Majapahit collapse

The point:
Civil War fights for Honor.

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Bubat War - 1357 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Bubat War is a war that occurred in 1279 Saka or 1357 AD in the 14th century, namely during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk.

The war broke out due to a dispute between Mahapatih Gajah Mada from Majapahit and Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana from the Sunda Kingdom in Pesanggrahan Bubat, which resulted in the death of the entire Sundanese entourage.

The oldest sources of reference regarding the existence of this war are mainly Fiber Pararaton and Sundanese Kidung and Kid Sundayana originating from Bali.

Wedding plans
Bubat War events began with the intention of King Hayam Wuruk who wanted to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi's daughter from Sunda. It is said that Hayam Wuruk's interest in the princess was due to the circulation of the princess's painting in Majapahit; which was painted secretly by an artist at that time, named Sungging Prabangkara. [citation needed]

According to historical records of Pajajaran by Saleh Danasasmita and the Bubat War Manuscript by Yoseph Iskandar, the intention of the marriage was to tighten the long-broken brotherhood between Majapahit and Sunda. Raden Wijaya who became the founder of the Majapahit kingdom was considered to be of Sundanese descent from Dyah Lembu Tal and her husband namely Rakeyan Jayadarma, king of the Sunda kingdom.

This is also recorded in the Rajya Rajya Library i Bhumi Nusantara parwa II sarga 3. [citation needed] In the Babad Tanah Jawi, Raden Wijaya is also called by the name of Jaka Susuruh from Pajajaran. Even so, the Pajajaran historical record is considered weak in truth, especially because the name Dyah Lembu Tal is a male name.

A generally accepted reason is that Hayam Wuruk did intend to marry Dyah Pitaloka with political reasons, namely to bind alliance with the State of Sunda. With the blessing of the Majapahit royal family, Hayam Wuruk sent a letter of honor to Maharaja Linggabuana to propose to Dyah Pitaloka. The wedding ceremony is planned to take place in Majapahit.

The Sundanese royal council itself actually objected, especially Mangkubumi Hyang Bunisora ​​Suradipati. This is because according to adat prevailing in the archipelago at the time, [citation needed] it was not uncommon for the bride to come to the groom. In addition there are allegations [citation needed] that this was a diplomatic trap of Majapahit, which at that time was expanding its power, including by controlling the Dompu Kingdom in Nusa Tenggara.

Linggabuana decided to continue leaving for Majapahit, because of the sense of brotherhood that already existed from the ancestral line of the two countries. Linggabuana left with the Sundanese entourage to Majapahit and was accepted and placed in Pesanggrahan Bubat.

Misunderstanding
The Sundanese king came to Bubat with his consort and daughter Dyah Pitaloka, accompanied by a few soldiers. According to Kidung Sundayana, [citation needed] Mahapatih Gajah Mada's intention arose to control the Sunda Kingdom. Gajah Mada wants to fulfill the Palapa Oath he made before Hayam Wuruk ascended the throne, because of the various kingdoms in the archipelago that were conquered by Majapahit, only the Sundanese kingdom was not yet controlled.

For this purpose, Gajah Mada made an excuse to assume that the arrival of the Sundanese entourage at Bubangg Pesanggrahan was a form of surrender of the Sunda Kingdom to Majapahit. Gajah Mada urged [citation needed] Hayam Wuruk to accept Dyah Pitaloka not as a bride, but as a sign of submission to the State of Sunda and recognition of Majapahit's superiority over Sunda in the Archipelago. Hayam Wuruk himself was mentioned wavering [citation needed] on this problem, considering that Gajah Mada was the Mahapatih that Majapahit relied on at that time.

The death of Sundanese entourage
Then there was a dispute between the Linggabuana delegation and Gajah Mada. This dispute ended with the cursing of Gajah Mada by Sundanese envoys who were surprised that their arrival was only to give a sign of surrender and acknowledge the superiority of Majapahit, not because of a previous invitation. However, Gajah Mada remained in its original position.

Not to mention Hayam Wuruk gave his decision, Gajah Mada had mobilized its troops (Bhayangkara) to Pesanggrahan Bubat and threatened Linggabuana to recognize the superiority of Majapahit. In order to maintain the honor of being a Sundanese knight, Linggabuana resisted the pressure.


There was an unbalanced war between Gajah Mada and its large army, against Linggabuana with a small royal guard (Balamati) as well as royal officials and ministers who participated in the visit. The incident ended with the death of Linggabuana, the ministers, royal officials and all the Sundanese royal family. The Sundanese king and all the officials of the Sundanese kingdom can be brought in Majapahit and perished in the Bubat field.

Tradisi menyebutkan sang Putri Dyah Pitaloka dengan hati berduka melakukan bela pati, bunuh diri untuk membela kehormatan bangsa dan negaranya.[3] Tindakan ini mungkin diikuti oleh segenap perempuan-perempuan Sunda yang masih tersisa, baik bangsawan ataupun abdi. Menurut tata perilaku dan nilai-nilai kasta ksatriya, tindakan bunuh diri ritual dilakukan oleh para perempuan kasta tersebut jika kaum laki-lakinya telah gugur. Perbuatan itu diharapkan dapat membela harga diri sekaligus untuk melindungi kesucian mereka, yaitu menghadapi kemungkinan dipermalukan karena pemerkosaan, penganiayaan, atau diperbudak.

Consequence
Tradition says that Hayam Wuruk lamented the death of Dyah Pitaloka. Hayam Wuruk deplored this action and sent an envoy (darmadyaksa) from Bali - who was then in Majapahit to witness the marriage between Hayam Wuruk and Dyah Pitaloka - to convey an apology to Mangkubumi Hyang Bunisora ​​Suradipati who was the acting official of the Sunda king, and said that all these events will be contained in the Sundanese Song or the Sundayana Song (in Bali known as the Sundanese Geguritan) so that the lessons learned. King Hayam Wuruk then married his own cousin, Paduka Sori.

As a result of this Bubat incident, it was said in the note that Hayam Wuruk's relationship with Gajah Mada was tenuous. Gajah Mada itself faced opposition, suspicion, and criticism from Majapahit officials and nobles, because his actions were considered careless and rash. He was considered too brave and presumptuous by not heeding the wishes and feelings of the Crown Prince Raja Hayam Wuruk himself.

This misfortune event also marked the decline of Gajah Mada's career, because then Hayam Wuruk awarded him a land of civilization in Madakaripura (now Probolinggo). Although this action appears as a conferment, this action can be interpreted as a subtle suggestion that Gajah Mada starts to consider retiring, because this land is located far from the capital city of Majapahit so that Gajah Mada began to resign from the state politics of the Majapahit palace. However, according to the Negarakertagama Gajah Mada his name and position are still mentioned, so interpreted that Gajah Mada himself remained in Mahapatih until his death (1364).

This tragedy damaged state relations between the two countries and continued for years to come, the Sunda-Majapahit relations never recovered as before.

Prince Niskalawastu Kancana - the sister of Princess Pitaloka who remained in the Kawali palace and did not go to Majapahit to accompany his family because it was still too small - became the only descendant of the King who was still alive and would later ascend the throne to be King Niskalawastu Kancana.


His policies included breaking diplomatic relations with Majapahit and applying limited isolation in the state relations between the two kingdoms. As a result of this event, Sundanese relatives were enacted with prohibited estri regulations, the contents of which were not permitted to marry from outside the Sunda family, or some said they could not marry Majapahit. This regulation was later interpreted more broadly as a prohibition for Sundanese from marrying Javanese.

The act of courage and virtue of the King of Sunda and daughter of Dyah Pitaloka to carry out the defense of pati (brave death) was respected and glorified by the people of Sunda and was considered as an example. Raja Lingga Buana was nicknamed "Prabu Wangi" (Sundanese: a fragrant king by name) because of his heroism defending the dignity of his country. His descendants, Sundanese kings were later nicknamed Siliwangi which came from the word Silih Wangi which means successor, heir or successor to King Wangi.

Some of these reactions reflect the disappointment and anger of the Sundanese people towards Majapahit, a sentiment which later developed into a kind of competition and hostility between the Sundanese and Javanese, which in some respects are still left to this day. Among other things, unlike other cities in Indonesia, in the city of Bandung, the capital of West Java as well as the Sundanese cultural center, no street called "Gajah Mada" or "Majapahit" was found. Although Gajah Mada is considered a national hero of Indonesia, most Sundanese people consider him inappropriate because of his actions that are considered not commendable in this tragedy.

The interesting thing is, although Bali is often regarded as the heir of Majapahit culture, the Balinese people seem to tend to side with the Sundanese kingdom in this case, as evidenced in the Balinese Song of Sundanese Song. Respect and admiration of the Balinese for the actions of the Sundanese royal family who bravely faced death, it is very possible because of its compatibility with Hindu teachings about the code of conduct and values ​​of ksatriya caste, that the ultimate and perfect death for a ksatriya is at the tip of the sword in the middle battlefield.

These values ​​of heroism and courage are matched in Balinese culture, namely the tradition of bellows, battles to death by men, followed by suicide rituals by women. They choose death rather than surrender, stay alive, but bear the shame, humiliation and defeat.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Bubat

Photo: Special

The Background of the Bubat War

Bubat War occurred due to a misunderstanding between Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana from the Sunda kingdom, and mahapatih Gajah Mada from the Majapahit kingdom.

Bubat War took place in Bubat Pesanggrahan

Initially the desire of King Hayam Wuruk from the Majapahit kingdom wanted to marry a Sundanese princess named Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi. With the initial motive to make the Sundanese kingdom an ally of Majapahit.

After getting the blessing from the Majapahit royal family, Hayam Wuruk immediately sent a letter of honor to the Sunda kingdom to propose to the royal princess.

The letter also contained Hayam Wuruk's request that his marriage take place in the kingdom of Majapahit.

After deliberation and long thinking, the King of Sunda finally accepted the proposal, and Hayam Wuruk's request.

The Sundanese king left for Majapahit along with the Princess, accompanied by only a handful of royal soldiers. Seeing this, there was a bad intention in Gajah Mada to attack, and conquer the King of Sunda with his entourage.

This was inspired by his desire to fulfill the oath of palapa (at that time the Sundanese kingdom was not yet conquered) which he had made before King Hayam Wuruk became king of Majapahit.

With unbalanced strength, Gajah Mada finally defeated the Sunda king who only brought a few troops.

The point:

Gajah Mada, who is not Javanese, is not loyal to her master. He is only loyal to his ambitions alone. This is what led to slander among the natives of the archipelago. Though not the will of Hayam Wuruk.

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