1595 AD - Really the Netherlands began to colonize the archipelago

Penjajah / Invader (Ilustrasi)

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Colonialism (imperialism) is a policy of expanding control or power over a foreign territory / body / state / kingdom (which is colonized), as a means of acquisition and / or maintenance by the kingdom, or a country (superior / colonialist), both directly through territorial conquest, or indirectly through the method of implementing control in the political and / or economic fields of a kingdom / state / government.

The history we have received at school tells us clearly, that the Indonesian state (Nusantara) was colonized by the Dutch state for 350 years. If ordered from the year of independence of RI, 1945, it means that the Dutch state has colonized the Indonesian state since 1595 (1945 minus 350).

To answer whether it is true that history said that during the time that the Indonesian state was colonized by the Dutch state, it would be better if we took a sneak peek at the historical journey back, roughly, what happened in that year (before, a moment and after), both in the Netherlands itself and in Indonesia. Briefly and briefly will be presented below.

VOC (Before) Period

Republic of the Seven Nederlanden States (Period 1588-1795)

The Netherlands itself was previously part of the Kingdom of Spain, or called the Habsburgse Nederlanden region which consists of 17 provinces based in Brussels, and is coordinated by a staten-general (a kind of governor general). Each province itself is led by a governor (staat houder), although there are several provinces led by one governor.

The background of the formation of the Republic of the seven Nederlanden states (hereinafter referred to as the Dutch Republic) itself was due to the 80-year war (1568-1648), between the Kingdom of Spain (Filips II), and seven provinces, out of the 17 provinces of the Habsburgse Nederlanden region which wanted to secede from the kingdom of Spain. This struggle was led and led by Willem van Oranje, governors of the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.

The war itself took place, because the governor general of the Spanish kingdom, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, imposed a taxation system (Tiende Penning) which was very burdensome to the 17 provinces under his power. Seven of his 17 provinces felt unhappy about the enactment of this policy, and decided to rebel followed by a breakaway war. Although this war itself lasted 80 years, but diplomatic relations between the warring parties were interrupted for 12 years thereafter.

After the war was over (80 years), European history also noted that throughout the course of the Dutch Republic, the Republic was still at war with several neighboring countries (regions), as shown below:

1. United Kingdom: 1652-1654; 1665-1667
2. France: 1672-1678; England, Munster, and Cologne: 1672-1674
3. France: 1688-1697
4. Spain: 1701-1714
5. Austria: 1740-1748
6. United Kingdom: 1780-1784

Meanwhile, in the 15-16th century, the spice trade in Europe was dominated by the Portuguese and Spanish (united). The Dutch Republic who fought with Spain had to find and support its own needs for the spices.

Finally, the three Dutch traders, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten and Cornelis de Houtman, discovered the "secret route" of Portuguese shipping, which brought Cornelis de Houtman's first voyage to Banten, the main port on Java in 1595-1597.

In 1596 four expedition ships, led by Cornelis de Houtman, sailed towards the archipelago (Indonesia), and were Indonesia's first contact with the Dutch. The expedition reached Banten, the main port of pepper in West Java, where they were involved in a feud with the Portuguese and the local population.

Houtman sailed again eastward through the north coast of Java. They were attacked by local residents in Sedayu, resulting in the loss of 12 crew members. They were also involved in a feud with local residents in Madura causing the killing of a local leader.

After losing half of the crew, it was in 1597 that they decided to return to the Dutch Republic but the spices they brought were enough to make a profit.

VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), 1602-1798

Is this VOC? History clearly notes that VOC is a trading company. Although many had the privilege of the government of the Dutch Republic at the time, the VOC was neither a state nor a government.

The VOC itself was only formed on March 20, 1602. The reason for the formation of this company was purely, because of trade competition with other companies from other countries, both from countries that were at war / war, or not. Call it, for example the company The Britisch East India Company which was founded in December 31, 1600, based in Calcutta, India.

VOC adalah perusahaan multinasional pertama di dunia. VOC juga adalah perusahaan pertama di dunia, yang mengeluarkan saham/stock. VOC disebut sebagai perusahaan multinasional, karena VOC sendiri adalah gabungan dari ke-12 perusahaan nasional yang telah berdiri sebelumnya di Republik Belanda pada saat itu, yaitu : Compagnie van Verre, de Nieuwe Compagnie, de Oude Compagnie, de Nieuwe Brabantse Compagnie, de Verenigde Compagnie Amsterdam, de Magelaanse Compagnie, de Rotterdamse Compagnie, de Compagnie van De Moucheron, de Delftse Vennootschap, de Veerse Compagnie, de Middelburgse Compagnie en de Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie.

The 12 companies are shipping trading companies that compete with each other. Considering the difficult situation in the Dutch Republic at that time because in addition to fighting against Spain, as well as trade competition from other countries / kingdoms, a meeting of all traders / shareholders / owners of the 12 companies above was held, to unite the ideas in forming one multinational company, namely the VOC.

The VOC could be big and glorious, indeed, it was not without the support of its own government at that time (anyway, all companies today in this world also, have the support of their own government, please help). What was the form of support for the Republican government at that time, as outlined in the Octrooi (Charter of the Charter), such as:

1. Monopoly rights to trade for 21 years

At that time, people were not familiar with the terms anti-monopoly law or anti-cartel law. In this super-modern era, humans still practice this kind of monopoly, just look like for example the OPEC oil cartel, or the monopoly of state companies on the grounds of the interests of the public / many people, etc.

2. The right to have soldiers / soldiers

This is only natural, apart from reasons for safety in shipping to sea pirates, also because at that time the situation in Europe was at war and in turmoil. Every ship that sails is equipped with war equipment and soldiers to guard against the possibility of war, if it meets a ship from a warring country, for example.

In this super modern era, we also often find companies using soldiers who are equipped with war equipment to secure the "area" of their business. For this, try to compare the reader yourself with Freeport, for example, who "owns" rented soldiers from both the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces.

3. The right to declare war

The VOC, on behalf of the Governor-General, was able to declare / carry out war, build a fortress that was initially motivated purely because of the situation at that time which was at war or at war with the Spanish-Portuguese nation. That is why in Indonesia there are so many historical relics of VOC strongholds equipped with cannons.

In this era, multinational companies can do the same thing even though the method is somewhat different of course. A multinational company can influence its own government, to "pressure" other governments in place of business.

Then try to see what is the safeguard of foreign multinational companies in Indonesia, even without cannons, large walls, high, and accompanied by barbed wires, even more sinister than the VOC's historical fortress itself.

In 1603, the VOC only obtained permission in Banten to establish its business in the archipelago. In 1605, in collaboration with the people of HITU (Maluku) expelled the Portuguese from the Moluccas. HITU residents at that time did not like the Portuguese. For this collaboration, the VOC obtained its permission to conduct clove monopoly trade in the Maluku region.

In the course of the VOC in the archipelago, the VOC tried to trade and enter into trade agreements with local kingdoms in the archipelago, naturally accompanied by competition with other European nations in the archipelago, such as: Portuguese, English, and Spanish, and even Chinese traders.

Trade competition between Europeans in the archipelago is also accompanied by war with one another. They conspired / allied with the local kingdom (Nusantara), entered into hostilities and fights with each other.

The archipelago itself both before and at the beginning of the entry of the VOC (and afterwards), consisted of splintered, united, and competing (warring) kingdoms with one another. After the glorious era of the Majapahit kingdom, the archipelago (from the Atjeh kingdom on the island of Sumatra, to the east of the kingdoms of Flores, Ternate and Tidore) consisted of small, powerful and divided kingdoms.

These divided kingdoms were not the political product and policy of the VOC in running its trading business in the archipelago, or even the result of the famous divide et impera politics. Even the local kingdom (the Archipelago) itself also made use of foreign powers (Europeans), in expelling foreign traders in its area, or even for the purpose of expanding its own kingdom.

As a trading company owned by capital owners, the VOC itself for the first time distributed dividends in 1610-1611. The VOC went bankrupt on 17 March 1798, due to many corrupt diseases in its body.

Earlier in 1795, after the Revolution in France, Napoleon and his army entered and occupied the Dutch Republic itself, which means the Dutch Republic, under French rule.

Period After VOC

French Occupation, 1795-1815

During this period the Dutch Republic itself underwent several name and government changes; in the period 1795-1801, the Dutch Republic was transformed into the Republic of Batavia, under the influence of French rule (de facto); then in the period 1801-1806 changed to Bataafs Gemenebest, the city / area of ​​the colony of the French Republic (de facto and de jure); after that in the period 1806-1810 became the kingdom of Holland, still under French occupation / power.

In this period the head of his own government was a king appointed by Napoleon, namely Lodewijk Napoleon Banaparte (Napoleon's own younger brother); finally in the period 1810-1815, the territory of the Dutch Republic itself was part of the territory of the French empire.

At the time the VOC went bankrupt, 1798, the Dutch kingdom which at that time had been transformed into the Republic of Batavia took over (nationalized) this company. From then on, all VOC debt and assets were the responsibility of the government of the Republic of Batavia.

It also means that all assets in the Archipelago belong to the Republic of Batavia, since the Batavian Republic at that time was finally under French rule, meaning that all assets owned in the Archipelago were also under French control. From the early 1800s it was known as the Nederlands-Indie, as the Batavian Republic (Dutch) colony in the archipelago.

In 1811, Britain (then war against France), defeated the power of the Republic of Batavia (part of the French Empire) in the Archipelago, and took control of the possessions and wealth of the Batavian Republic in the Archipelago, and appointed Thomas Raflles to be its governor general, 1811-1816.

Only after France lost the war (1814) from England, in accordance with the Vienna congress agreement (1815), France surrendered the sovereignty of Dutch territory back to the Dutch themselves. In accordance with the results of the Vienna congress, the Republic of Batavia was changed into the form of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (United Kingdom of the Nederlands), which consisted of several countries and autonomous regions, such as the present Kingdom of the Netherlands, current Belgium (until 1830), and part of the territory Luxembourg right now (or often we are familiar with the term BeNeLux).

Treasures in the archipelago that had been owned and controlled by the British were also handed over from England to the United Kingdom of the Nederlands, in 1816. The return of these assets and wealth was followed by the sending of massive military forces in the period 1816-1820 from the United Kingdom of the Nederlands, to the archipelago.

Cultuurstelsel, 1825

After experiencing war and revolution, the kingdom of the United Kingdom of the Nederlands needed huge funds to rebuild its destroyed territory, government and economy. Therefore, the governor general who at the time, ruled the archipelago (Nederlands-Indië), Johannes van den Bosch proposed an idea to "drain" Java into a money / money making machine (profits), this proposal was set forth in Cultuurstelsel.

Javanese farmers were forced to plant sugar, coffee and indigo plants in an area of ​​1/5 of their land. Farmers do get wages from farm laborers, and not in the form of profits from the sale of agricultural products. Obviously the laborers' wages earned by farmers are very small when compared to the profit sharing system.

The Dutch government at that time agreed, and supported this program (cultuurstelsel), as well as stimulating its civil servants (ambtenaren) as well as indigenous regents (inheemse regenten), by providing a percentage of profits from the sale of agricultural products which happened to be at that time, the prima donna in trade import-export activities.

A very striking comparison between the provision of labor wages to workers (all landowners), with the percentage of profit sharing to government employees and indigenous regents, of course, causes feelings of hurt, jealousy, and lead to anger or rebellion. So it can be understood, if later in the course of history will arise resistance from the people at that time (due to injustice).

Conclusion and Conclusion

The author is not trying to discuss whether the VOC is a colonizer or not? Recorded in historical sources, that the VOC is a trading company owned by shareholders, operates and runs its business in a monopolistic manner. In today's business ethics, monopolistic actions are FALSE and are very "forbidden".

Even though in its trading practice, the VOC violated many human values, the author also did not try to refute this. Even if the form of alliance with local kingdoms in the archipelago to conquer and colonize other local kingdoms can conclude, that the VOC is a colonizer, the author also does not try to oppose this theory, please the reader concludes for himself whether the VOC is an invader or not.

The author can conclude, that the Dutch really existed for 350 years (from before independence) in the archipelago, since 1596, four expedition ships headed by Cornelis de Houtman sailed towards the archipelago (Indonesia), and were Indonesia's first contact with Netherlands.

The author can also conclude that the VOC is a trading company owned by the Dutch. The VOC does have special privileges, but it is not (like) the state, furthermore the VOC is not the government of the Dutch Republic or the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Therefore, the author can conclude, that: the Dutch colonial state itself in the archipelago only began to be carried out, around 1816, precisely when the VOC's assets that had been taken over by the Republic of Batavia, which had been controlled by the British before, were returned to the United Kingdom of the Nederlands. Now count yourself for how many years.

Source: http://hendryferdinan.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/benarkah-indonesia-dijajah-belanda-selama-350-tahun-2/


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Uluwatu Temple - Year 1546 AD

Denpasar (Dreamland Library) - Uluwatu Temple is located in Pecatu Village, Kuta District, Badung Regency, Bali, about 30 km to the south of Denpasar City. Uluwatu Temple which is also called Luwur Temple is one of Sad Kahyangan Temple, which is six Kahyangan Temple which is considered as a spiritual pillar of Bali Island.

There are two opinions about the history of the founding of Uluwatu Temple. There is an opinion that says that this temple was founded by Empu Kuturan in the 9th century, namely during the reign of Marakata. Another opinion links the construction of Uluwatu Temple with Dang Hyang Nirartha, a pedanda (priest) who came from the Kingdom of Daha (Kediri) in East Java. Dang Hyang Nirartha came to Bali in 1546 AD, which was during the reign of Dalem Waturenggong. The Pedanda then founded Uluwatu Temple on Pecatu Hill. After making a spiritual journey around P. Bali, Dang Hyang Nirartha returned to Uluwatu Temple. In this temple the Pedok 'moksa', leaving 'marcapada' (world) to 'swargaloka' (heaven). Ceremonies or 'piodalan' commemoration of the anniversary of the temple falls on Anggara Kasih, wuku Medangsia in the Saka calendar. Usually the ceremony lasts for 3 consecutive days and is followed by thousands of Hindus.

Uluwatu Temple occupies land on a high cliff that juts into the Indonesian Ocean with a height of about 70 m above sea level. Because of its location on a cliff, to get to the location of the temple one must walk up a stone ladder that is quite high. This temple building faces east, in contrast to other temples in Bali which generally face west or south. Along the road on the outer edge of the temple there are hundreds of monkeys that roam. Despite appearing docile, the monkeys often harass visitors by grabbing food or items that are worn.

At the end of the climbing road there are two entrances to the temple complex, one located in the north and one in the south. The entrance is shaped like a gate and made of stone. In front of the gate there is a pair of elephant-headed statues in a standing position. The front wall of the gate is decorated with very fine sculptures patterned with leaves and flowers.

Inside, behind the gate, there is a stone-floored alleyway leading to the inner court. This open hallway is shaded by trees planted along the left and right of the hall.

The inner court is the open court. The court floor was covered by a neatly arranged stone floor. Near the gate, on the north side, there is a wooden building. In the west, opposite the entrance, there is a paduraksa gate which is the entrance to the deeper courtyard.

Unlike the outer gate, this gate is a roofed gate made of stone. The doorway is curved in shape and framed by a stone structure. Above the threshold there is a giant head sculpture. The top of the gate is shaped like a crown and decorated with various carved motifs. The gap between the gate and the walls on the left and right of the court is covered by a wall which is also decorated with sculptures.

In the south there is a small square shaped elongated and protrudes toward the sea. At the end of the court there is a wooden building that looks like a place where people sit while looking at the ocean. Since its construction, Uluwatu Temple has undergone many renovations. In fact, around 1999, this temple building was burned due to lightning strikes.

Source: http://candi.pnri.go.id/bali/index.htm

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Bogor City - 1500 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - Bogor City is one of the old cities in Indonesia which was established in the XV century before the entry of the VOC in Indonesia.

The angsana parung or new village is a forerunner to Bogor which was built by Tanujiwa in 1689 - 1705.

Source: http://www.kotabogor.go.id/video/258-bogor/8388-lambang-kota-bogor-a-peristis
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City of Jakarta - Year 1527 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - Mr. Dr. Sukanto submitted the manuscript titled From Jayakarta to Jakarta. He suspected that June 22, 1527 was the closest day to the reality of the construction of the City of Jayakarta by Fatahillah.

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetapan_hari_jadi_Jakarta
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Semarang City - 1547 AD

Semarang (Dreamland Library) - Semarang (May 2, 1547) is a city in central Java with a variety of old buildings from foreign countries, in the 8th century Semarang was known as the Mataram kingdom and the port of simongan was an old port that had been visited by Admiral Cheng Ho

The General also established the Temple and Mosque which still stands, the Sam Po Kong Temple (Gedung Batu).

Source: http: //djolbis.wordpress.com/2012/06/03/5-kota-tertua-di-indonesia/
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Medan City - Year 1590 AD

Medan 

Pekanbaru (Dreamland Library) - Mayor of Medan Level II Regional Head issued Decree No.74 dated February 14, 1973 so that the Medan City History Compilation Committee continued its activities to obtain more perfect results.

Based on the formulation carried out by the Medan Anniversary Special Committee chaired by M.A.Harahap in March 1975 that July 1, 1590 was the anniversary of the city of Medan and as its foundation was the establishment of the Ten Ten Two Kuta in the Medan Area.

Source: http://www.pemkomedan.go.id/selayang_hari.php

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Standing Kingdom - 1500 AD onwards

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - In the search for the Dream Land Team, we still provide a timeline

We believe this year's poultices, have a lot of history of our Nation


This page is still in the form of year notes. We will continue to look for information regarding the inter-year relations below.

1500 AD
The establishment of Inderapura Pesisir Selatan Kingdom, West Sumatra

Year 1512 AD - 1850 AD
Occupation by the Portuguese against our Nation

1516 AD
Establishment of the Sultanate of Sand / Sadurangas Pasir, South Kalimantan

1520 AD
The founding of Blambangan Banyuwangi Kingdom, East Java

1521 AD
Tidore Sultanate Tidore, North Maluku

1521 AD
The establishment of the Kingdom of Sumedang Larang, West Java
Establishment of the Bacan Sultanate of Bacan, Maluku

1524 AD
Establishment of the Banten Sultanate

1526 AD
Establishment of the Sultanate of Banten
The establishment of the Banjar Sultanate of South Kalimantan

1527 AD
Establishment of the Cirebon Sultanate of West Java

1536 AD
The establishment of the Kingdom of Kalinyamat

1549 AD
The establishment of the Kingdom of Pajang

1590 AD
Establishment
Sambas Sambas Consultant, West Kalimantan

Source: From various sources

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Sultanate of Banten - 1526 AD

Tanjung Lesung (Dreamland Library) - Banten Sultanate is an Islamic empire that once stood in Banten Province, Indonesia. It began around 1526, when the Demak Kingdom expanded its influence to the west coast of Java Island, by conquering several port areas and later making it a military base and area trading.

Maulana Hasanuddin, son of Sunan Gunung Jati played a role in the conquest. After the conquest, Maulana Hasanuddin established a fortress called Surosowan, which later became the center of government after Banten became a stand-alone sultanate.

For almost 3 centuries the Sultanate of Banten was able to survive and even achieve extraordinary glory, which at the same time invaders from Europe had arrived and instilled its influence. Civil war, and competition with global forces over resources and trade, and dependence on weapons has weakened the hegemony of the Sultanate of Banten over its territory. The political power of the Sultanate of Banten finally collapsed in 1813 after the Surosowan Palace as a symbol of power in the City of Diamond was destroyed, and in the final period of its reign, the Banten sultans were no more than subordinate kings of the colonial government in the Dutch East Indies.

Initial Formation
Initially the Banten region, also known as the Girang Banten, was part of the Sunda Kingdom. The arrival of Demak Kingdom troops under the leadership of Maulana Hasanuddin to the region in addition to expanding the region also at the same time spreading Islamic da'wah. Then triggered by the Sunda-Portugal cooperation in the economic and political fields, this was considered to endanger the position of the Kingdom of Demak after their defeat expelled Portugal from Melaka in 1513. On the orders of Trenggana, together with Fatahillah carried out the attack and conquest of the Coconut Port around 1527, which at that time it was still the main port of the Sunda Kingdom. 

Besides starting to build a stronghold in Banten, Maulana Hasanuddin also continued expanding power to pepper-producing areas in Lampung. He was instrumental in spreading Islam in the region, besides that he also had trade contacts with the king of Malangkabu (Minangkabau, Inderapura Kingdom), Sultan Munawar Syah and was awarded a kris by the king. 

Along with the decline of Demak especially after the death of Trenggana, [6] Banten which was previously vazal from the Demak Kingdom, began to break away and become an independent kingdom. Maulana Yusuf, son of Maulana Hasanuddin, ascended the throne in 1570 [7] continued the expansion of Banten into the Sundanese interior by conquering Pakuan Pajajaran in 1579. Then he was succeeded by his son Maulana Muhammad, who tried to conquer Palembang in 1596 as part of Banten's efforts in narrowing the Banten movement Portugal in the archipelago, but failed because he died in the conquest.

During the time of Prince Ratu, son of Maulana Muhammad, he became the first king on Java to take the title "Sultan" in 1638 with the Arabic name Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir. During this time the Sultan of Banten had begun to intensively engage in diplomatic relations with other forces at the time, one of the letters known to the Sultan of Banten to the King of England, James I in 1605 and in 1629 to Charles I.

The peak of glory
The Sultanate of Banten is a maritime kingdom and relies on trade to support its economy. The monopoly over the pepper trade in Lampung placed Banten rulers at the same time as intermediaries and the Sultanate of Banten developed rapidly, becoming one of the important trading centers at that time. [9] Sea trade expanded throughout the archipelago, Banten becoming a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by British, Danish and Chinese, Banten traded with Persians, Indians, Siamese, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Chinese and Japanese. 

The era of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (enthroned 1651-1682) was seen as the heyday of Banten. Under him, Banten had an impressive fleet, built on the European example, and also had hired Europeans to work in the Sultanate of Banten. In securing its shipping lane Banten also sent its fleet to Sukadana or the Kingdom of Tanjungpura (present-day West Kalimantan) and conquered it in 1661. During this time Banten also tried to escape the pressure imposed by the VOC, which had previously carried out a blockade of merchant ships bound for Banten.

Civil War
Around 1680 a dispute arose in the Sultanate of Banten, due to the struggle for power and conflict between Sultan Ageng and his son Sultan Haji. This division was exploited by Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) who provided support to Sultan Haji, so that a civil war was inevitable. While in strengthening his position, Sultan Haji or Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar also had sent 2 of his envoys, to meet the King of England in London in 1682 to get support and weapons assistance. [1] In this war Sultan Ageng was forced to retreat from his palace and move to an area called Tirtayasa, but on December 28, 1682 this area was also controlled by Sultan Haji along with the VOC. Sultan Ageng along with his other sons Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf from Makassar retreated south inland Sunda. But on March 14, 1683 Sultan Ageng was captured and then detained in Batavia.

While the VOC continued to pursue and break the resistance of followers of Sultan Ageng who was still in the leadership of Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On 5 May 1683, the VOC sent Untung Surapati, who was a lieutenant and his Balinese troops, to join forces led by Lieutenant Johannes Maurits van Happel to subdue the Pamotan and Dayeuh Luhur areas, where on 14 December 1683 they succeeded in capturing Sheikh Yusuf. [14] Meanwhile, after being pressed, Prince Purbaya finally gave himself up. Then Untung Surapati was ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to fetch Prince Purbaya, and on their way to bring Prince Purbaya to Batavia, they met with VOC troops led by Willem Kuffeler, but a dispute broke out between them, the peak was on January 28, 1684, the Willem Kuffeler army post destroyed, and next Untung Surapati and his followers became a VOC fugitive. While Prince Purbaya himself only arrived on 7 February 1684 in Batavia.

Decrease
VOC assistance and support to Sultan Haji must be paid by giving compensation to the VOC among them on March 12, 1682, the Lampung region was handed over to the VOC, as stated in Sultan Haji's letter to Major Issac de Saint Martin, Admiral VOC ship in Batavia which was anchored in Banten . The letter was later corroborated by an agreement letter dated August 22, 1682 which made the VOC obtain the monopoly rights to the pepper trade in Lampung.  Besides that, based on the agreement dated April 17, 1684, Sultan Haji also had to compensate the losses caused by the war to the VOC. 

After the death of Sultan Haji in 1687, the VOC began to seize its influence in the Sultanate of Banten, so that the appointment of the Banten sultans had to obtain the approval of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya was appointed to replace Sultan Haji but only reigned for about three years, subsequently replaced by his brother Prince Adipati with the title Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin and later also known as Kang Sinuhun ing Nagari Banten.

The civil war that took place in Banten left behind the instability of the next government. Conflict between the descendants of the Banten authorities [18] as well as the Banten people's dissatisfaction turmoil, over the intervention of the VOC in Banten affairs. Popular resistance peaked again at the end of the reign of Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin, including the resistance of Ratu Bagus Buang and Kyai Tapa. As a result of the prolonged conflict the Sultan of Banten again asked the VOC for help in reducing some of the resistance of his people so that since 1752 Banten had become a Vassal of the VOC.

Abolition of the empire
In 1808 Herman Willem Daendels, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies 1808-1810, ordered the construction of the Post Road to defend the island of Java from British invasion. [19] Daendels ordered the Sultan of Banten to move his capital to Anyer and provide manpower to build a port that was planned to be built in Ujung Kulon. The Sultan refused Daendels orders, in response Daendels ordered the attack on Banten and the destruction of Surosowan Palace. The Sultan and his family were held in Puri Intan (Surosowan Palace) and then imprisoned in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin was then exiled and exiled to Batavia. On November 22, 1808, Daendels announced from his headquarters in Serang that the territory of the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of the Dutch East Indies. 

The Banten Sultanate was officially abolished in 1813 by the British colonial government. In that year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin was stripped of and forced to abdicate by Thomas Stamford Raffles. This event was the final blow which ended the history of the Sultanate of Banten.

Religion
Based on archaeological data, the early days of the Banten people were influenced by several kingdoms carrying Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, such as Tarumanagara, Srivijaya and the Sunda Kingdom.

In the Banten Chronicle tells how Sunan Gunung Jati together with Maulana Hasanuddin, carried out an intensive spread of Islam to the Banten Girang ruler and his inhabitants. Some mystical stories also accompany the process of islamization in Banten, including when during Maulana Yusuf began to spread propaganda to the inhabitants of the Sundanese interior, which was marked by the conquest of Pakuan Pajajaran.

Islam became the pillar of the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, the Sultan of Banten was referred to as having a genealogy to the Prophet Muhammad, and placing the ulamas to have a great influence in the lives of their people, as well as the tarekat and Sufism also developed in Banten. While the culture of society absorbs Islam as an inseparable part. Some traditions are influenced by the development of Islam in society, as seen in Debus's martial arts.

Kadi played an important role in the government of the Sultanate of Banten, in addition to being responsible for settling people's disputes in religious courts, as well as in upholding Islamic law such as hudud. 

Religious tolerance in Banten has developed well. Although dominated by Muslims, certain communities were allowed to build their worship facilities, where around 1673 there were already a number of temples in the area around the port of Banten.

Population
The progress of the Sultanate of Banten was supported by a large population and multi-ethnicity. Starting from Java, Sundanese and Malay. While other ethnic groups in the archipelago with a significant number include Makassar, Bugis and Bali.

From several European sources mentioned around 1672, in Banten there are estimated to be between 100 000 to 200 000 men who are ready to fight, other sources say, that in Banten can be recruited as many as 10 000 people who are ready to bear arms. But from the most reliable source, the Dagh Register- (16.1.1673) mentions from the VOC census conducted in 1673, it is estimated that residents in the city of Banten capable of using spears or rifles number around 55 000 people. If the entire population is counted, whatever their nationality, it is estimated that there are around 150 000 residents, including women, children and the elderly.

Around 1676 thousands of Chinese people sought asylum and worked in Banten. This wave of migration was the result of the war in Fujian and in other parts of South China. These communities generally build settlements around the coast and rivers and have a significant proportion compared to Indian and Arab communities. While in Banten several European community groups such as Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark and Portugal have also built accommodations and warehouses around Ci Banten.

Economy
In laying the foundation of Banten's economic development, in addition to trade for the coastal areas, inland areas the opening of rice fields was introduced. This assumption developed because at that time in some remote areas such as Lebak, the economy of the community was supported by cultivation activities, as interpreted from the karhian scriptures sanghyang narrating the terms pahuma (cultivators), summoners (hunters) and panyadap (tappers). These three terms are clearly more about the field system, as well as the name of the equipment such as cleaver, patik, baliung, kored and tapping.

During the time of Sultan Ageng between 1663 and 1667 large irrigation works were carried out to develop agriculture. Between 30 and 40 km new canals were built using 16,000 people. Along the canal, between 30 and 40 000 thousand hectares of new rice fields and thousands of hectares of coconut plantations were planted. 30 000 farmers were placed on the land, including Bugis and Makasarese. Sugar cane plantations, which were imported by Chinese merchants in the 1620s, were developed. Under Sultan Ageng, the development of Banten's population increased significantly. 

It cannot be denied until 1678, Banten had become a metropolitan city, with its population and wealth making Banten one of the largest cities in the world at that time. 

Government
After Banten emerged as an independent kingdom, its rulers used the title Sultan, while in the palace circle there were the titles Pangeran Ratu, Pangeran Adipati, Pangeran Gusti, and Prince Anom who were carried by the heirs. In the Banten government there was someone with the titles Mangkubumi, Kadi, Patih and Syahbandar who had a role in government administration. While in Banten there is a group of nobles who are dubbed with tubagus (Ratu Bagus), queen or sayyid, and other special groups who get a special position are composed of scholars, civil servants, and champions.

The center of Banten government is between two rivers namely Ci Banten and Ci Karangantu. In the area a market, a square and Surosowan Palace were once surrounded by walls and a moat, while in the north of the palace the Banten Grand Mosque was built with a lighthouse-shaped tower which probably also functioned as a watchtower to see the arrival of ships in Banten.

Based on the History of Banten, the location of the main market in Banten is between the Great Mosque of Banten and Ci Banten, and is known by the name Kapalembangan. While in the area of ​​the square there is a paseban used by the Sultan of Banten as a place to convey information to his people. Overall the design of the city of Banten is rectangular which is influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist concept or representation known as the mandala. Besides that in the city area there are several villages that represent certain ethnicities, such as Kampong Pekojan (Persia) and Kampong Chinatown.

The Sultanate of Banten has imposed excise tax on ships that go to Banten, the excise tax collection was carried out by Syahbandar who was in an area called Customs. One famous syahbandar at the time of Sultan Ageng was named Syahbandar Kaytsu.

List of Banten rulers
Maulana Hasanuddin or Pangeran Sabakingkin 1552-1570
    Maulana Yusuf or Pangeran Pasareyan 1570 - 1585
    Maulana Muhammad or Pangeran Tengahrana 1585 - 1596
    Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir or Prince Ratu 1596 - 1647
    Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad 1647 - 1651
    Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa or Sultan Abu al-Fath Abdul Fattah 1651-1682
    Sultan Haji or Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar 1683 - 1687
    Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya 1687 - 1690
    Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin 1690 - 1733
    Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin 1733-1747
    Ratu Syarifah Fatimah 1747 - 1750
    Sultan Arif Zainul Asyiqin al-Qadiri 1753 - 1773
    Sultan Abul Mafakhir Muhammad Aliuddin 1773 - 1799
    Sultan Abul Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1799 - 1803
    Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin 1803 - 1808
    Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1809-1813

Historical heritage
After the abolition of the Sultanate of Banten, the Banten region became part of the colonization zone. During the Dutch East Indies government, in 1817 Banten was made a residency, and since 1926 the area has been part of the West Java Province. The triumph of the past of the Sultanate of Banten inspired its people to turn the area of ​​Banten back into an autonomous region, the reform of the Indonesian government played a role in pushing the Banten region as a separate province which was then determined through Law Number 23 of 2000.

In addition, the Banten community has become a separate ethnic group that is colored by the inter-ethnic mix that had existed during the heyday of the Sultanate of Banten, and this diversity has made the Banten community as one of the dominant forces in the archipelago.

Reference
    ^ a b c Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.
    ^ Uka Tjandrasasmita, (2009), Arkeologi Islam Nusantara, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, ISBN 979-9102-12-X.
    ^ From Valentijn, Beschrijving van Groot Djava, ofte Java Major, Amsterdam, 1796. Ludwig Bachhofer, India Antiqua (1947:280) notes that Valentijn had been in Banten in 1694.
    ^ Sejarah Cirebon, PT. Balai Pustaka.
    ^ Titik Pudjiastuti, (2000), Sadjarah Banten: suntingan teks dan terjemahan disertai tinjauan aksara dan amanat.
    ^ Fernão Mendes Pinto, Rebecca Catz, (1989), The travels of Mendes Pinto, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-66951-3.
    ^ Hasan Muarif Ambary, Jacques Dumarçay, (1990), The Sultanate of Banten, Gramedia Book Pub. Division, ISBN 979-403-922-5.
    ^ Keat Gin Ooi, (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
    ^ Heriyanti Ongkodharma Untoro, (2007), Kapitalisme pribumi awal kesultanan Banten, 1522-1684: kajian arkeologi-ekonomi, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya UI, ISBN 979-8184-85-8.
    ^ Yoneo Ishii, (1998), The junk trade from Southeast Asia: translations from the Tôsen fusetsu-gaki, 1674-1723, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 981-230-022-8.
    ^ Nana Supriatna, Sejarah, PT Grafindo Media Pratama, ISBN 979-758-601-4.
    ^ a b Hasan Muarif Ambary, Jacques Dumarçay, (1990), The Sultanate of Banten, Gramedia Book Pub. Division, ISBN 979-403-922-5.
    ^ a b c d Atsushi Ota, (2006), Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java: society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750-1830, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-15091-9.
    ^ Azyumardi Azra, (2004), The origins of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia: networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulamā' in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-2848-8.
    ^ Ann Kumar, (1976), Surapati: man and legend : a study of three Babad traditions, Brill Archive, ISBN 90-04-04364-0.
    ^ Amir Hendarsah, Cerita Kerajaan Nusantara, Great! Publisher, ISBN 602-8696-14-5.
    ^ Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia, PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-409-8
    ^ Atsushi Ota, Banten Rebellion, 1750-1752: Factors behind the Mass Participation, Modern Asian Studies (2003), 37: 613-651, DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X03003044.
    ^ Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas. Penerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia. 1 November 2008. hlm. 1–2. ISBN 978-979-709-391-4.
    ^ Sartono Kartodirdjo, (1966), The peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888: Its conditions, course and sequel. A case study of social movements in Indonesia, Martinus Nijhoff.
    ^ R. B. Cribb, A. Kahin, (2004), Historical dictionary of Indonesia, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4935-6.
    ^ Euis Nurlaelawati, (2010), Modernization, tradition and identity: the Kompilasi hukum Islam and legal practice in the Indonesian religious courts, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 90-8964-088-6.
    ^ a b Claude Guillot, Banten in 1678, Indonesia, Volume 57 (1994), 89-114.

Library
    Hussein Jayadiningrat, Critische Beschouwing van de Sadjarah-Banten, Disertasi Doktor, 3 Mei 1913, Universitas Leiden.
    Guillot, Claude, Lukman Nurhakim, Sonny Wibisono, Banten avant l'Islam - Etude archéologique de Banten Girang (Java Indonésie) 932 (?)-1526 ("Banten sebelum Islam - Studi arkeologis tentang Banten Girang 932 (?)-1526"), École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1994, ISBN 2-85539-773-1
    Guillot, Claude, Lukman Nurhakim, Sonny Wibisono, "La principauté de Banten Girang" ("Kerajaan Banten Girang"), Archipel, Tahun 1995, Volume 50, halaman 13-24
    Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, 2008 (terbitan ke-4)

Source:  : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten
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Pajang - 1549 AD

Surakarta (Dreamland Library) - Pajang Kingdom is a kingdom based in Central Java as a continuation of the Demak Kingdom. The palace complex, which now only has its foundation boundaries, is located on the border of Pajang Village, Surakarta City and Makamhaji Village, Kartasura, Sukoharjo.

Origin
Actually the name of the Pajang country has been known since the days of the Majapahit Kingdom. According to Nagarakretagama written in 1365, there was a younger sister Hayam Wuruk (king of Majapahit at the time) serving as the ruler of Pajang, titled Bhatara i Pajang, or abbreviated as Bhre Pajang. His real name is Dyah Nertaja, who is the mother of Wikramawardhana, the next king of Majapahit.

In chronicle texts, the country of Pengging is called the forerunner of Pajang. The legendary folklore calls Pengging an ancient kingdom that was once led by Prabu Anglingdriya, the mortal enemy of King Baka king of Prambanan. This story continues with the fable of the founding of Prambanan Temple.

When Majapahit was led by Brawijaya (the last king of the text version of the chronicle), the name Pengging reappeared. It is said that Brawijaya's daughter named Retno Ayu Pembayun was abducted Menak Daliputih king of Blambangan, son of Menak Jingga. A hero named Jaka Sengara appeared who succeeded in capturing the princess and killing her captor.

For his services, Jaka Sengara was appointed by Brawijaya as the regent of Pengging and was married to Retno Ayu Pembayun. Jaka Sengara then holds the title Andayaningrat.

Pajang Kingdom
Pajang is seen as the first kingdom to emerge in the interior of Java after the collapse of the Muslim kingdom in Pasisir

According to the chronicle script, Andayaningrat died at the hands of Sunan Ngudung during the war between Majapahit and Demak. He was later replaced by his son, named Raden Kebo Kenanga, titled Ki Ageng Pengging. Since then Pengging became a subordinate area of ​​the Kingdom of Demak.

Several years later Ki Ageng Pengging was sentenced to death because he was accused of wanting to rebel against Demak. His son, who had the title Jaka Tingkir as an adult, actually served Demak.

Jaka Tingkir's brilliant achievements in the army made him appointed as Trenggana's son-in-law, and became the Pajang regent with the title Hadiwijaya. The Pajang area at that time included the Pengging area (now roughly covering Boyolali and Klaten), Tingkir (Salatiga area), Need, and surrounding areas.

After Trenggana died in 1546, Sunan Prawoto took the throne, but his cousin was killed by his cousin, Arya Penangsang, the regent of Jipang in 1549. After that, Arya Penangsang also tried to kill Hadiwijaya but failed.

With the support of Ratu Kalinyamat (regent of Jepara and daughter of Trenggana), Hadiwijaya and his followers defeated Arya Penangsang. He also became the heir to the throne of Demak, whose capital was moved to Pajang.

Development
At the beginning of its establishment in 1549, the Pajang region only covered a portion of Central Java, because many East Javanese countries had escaped since the death of Trenggana.

In 1568 Hadiwijaya and the dukes of East Java were brought together at Giri Kedaton by Sunan Prapen. On that occasion, the dukes agreed to recognize Pajang sovereignty over the countries of East Java. As a sign of political ties, Panji Wiryakrama from Surabaya (leader of the East Java dukes alliance) was married to the daughter of Hadiwijaya.

Another strong country, namely Madura, was also successfully subdued by Pajang. The leader named Raden Pratanu alias Panembahan Lemah Dhuwur was also taken as Hadiwijaya's son-in-law.

The role of Guardian Songo
During the time of the Demak Kingdom, the Wali Songo ulama council had an important role, and even co-founded the kingdom. This assembly convenes regularly for a certain period and participates in determining Demak's political policies.

After Trenggana died, the role of Wali Songo also faded. Sunan Kudus was even involved in the murder of Sunan Prawoto, the new king replacing Trenggana.

Even though they are no longer actively meeting, the guardians are still more or less still involved in Pajang's political policy making. For example, Sunan Prapen acted as the inaugurator of Hadiwijaya as king. He also became the mediator of the Hadiwijaya meeting with the dukes of East Java in 1568. Meanwhile, Sunan Kalijaga also helped Ki Ageng Archery ask for his right to Hadiwijaya over the land of Mataram as a prize against the Arya Penangsang.

Another trustee who still plays a role according to the chronicle script is Sunan Kudus. After the death of Hadiwijaya in 1582, he succeeded in removing Prince Benawa from the crown prince's position, and replaced him with Arya Pangiri.

Perhaps what is meant by Sunan Kudus in the Chronicle text is Panembahan Kudus, because Sunan Kudus himself died in 1550.

Mataram Uprising
The land of Mataram and Pati were two Hadiwijaya prizes for anyone who was able to crush the Arya Penangsang in 1549. According to the official warfare report, Arya Penangsang was killed by Ki Ageng Archery and Ki Penjawi.

Ki Penjawi was appointed as the ruler of Pati since 1549. While Ki Ageng Archery only got his prize in 1556 thanks to the help of Sunan Kalijaga. This is because Hadiwijaya heard Sunan Prapen's prediction that in Mataram a greater kingdom would emerge than Pajang.

This prediction came true when Mataram was led by Sutawijaya son of Ki Ageng Archery since 1575. This Sutawijaya figure actually killed Arya Penangsang. Under his leadership, the area of ​​Mataram is increasingly advancing and developing.

In 1582 war broke out in Pajang and Mataram because Sutawijaya defended his brother-in-law, Tumenggung Mayang, who was sentenced to exile to Semarang by Hadiwijaya. The war was won by the Mataram side even though the Pajang troops were larger in number.

Collapse
After returning from the war, Hadiwijaya fell ill and died. There was competition between his son and son-in-law, Prince Benawa and Arya Pangiri as the next king. Arya Pangiri supported by Panembahan Kudus successfully ascended the throne in 1583.

The Arya Pangiri government was only busy with revenge efforts against Mataram. Pajang people's lives have been neglected. That made Prince Benawa who had been eliminated to Jipang, concerned.

In 1586 Prince Benawa allied with Sutawijaya to invade Pajang. Although in 1582 Sutawijaya fought Hadiwijaya, Prince Benawa still regarded him as an older brother.

The war between Pajang against Mataram and Jipang ended with the defeat of Arya Pangiri. He was returned to his native country, Demak. Prince Benawa later became the third king of Pajang.

Prince Benawa's reign ended in 1587. There was no crown prince who succeeded him so Pajang was made a subordinate land of Mataram. The regent there was Pangeran Gagak Baning, Sutawijaya's younger brother.

Sutawijaya himself founded the Mataram Kingdom, where he was the first king to hold the title Panembahan Senopati.

List of King Pajang
    Jaka Tingkir or Hadiwijaya
    Arya Pangiri or Ngawantipura
    Prince Benawa or Prabuwijaya

Literature

    Andjar Any. 1980. Raden Ngabehi Ronggowarsito, Apa yang Terjadi? Semarang: Aneka Ilmu

    Andjar Any. 1979. Rahasia Ramalan Jayabaya, Ranggawarsita & Sabdopalon. Semarang: Aneka Ilmu

    Babad Majapahit dan Para Wali Jilid 3. 1989. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah

    Babad Tanah Jawi, Mulai dari Nabi Adam Sampai Tahun 1647. (terj.). 2007. Yogyakarta: Narasi

    H.J.de Graaf dan T.H. Pigeaud. 2001. Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam Pertama di Jawa. Terj. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti

    Hayati dkk. 2000. Peranan Ratu Kalinyamat di jepara pada Abad XVI. Jakarta: Proyek Peningkatan Kesadaran Sejarah Nasional Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

    Moedjianto. 1987. Konsep Kekuasaan Jawa: Penerapannya oleh Raja-raja Mataram. Yogyakarta: Kanisius

    Purwadi. 2007. Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu

    Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2008 (terbitan ke-4), ISBN 978-0-230-54686-8

    Slamet Muljana. 1979. Nagarakretagama dan Tafsir Sejarahnya. Jakarta: Bhratara

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Pajang
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Kalinyamat - 1536 AD to 1546 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - The kingdom of Kalinyamat originated in Jepara, the walls of the fort spanned across several villages, including Purwogondo, Margoyoso, Kriyan, Bakalan, Robayan and the center of the Palace / Siti Inggil in Kriyan, the Kalinyamat kingdom located in the Kalinyamat area. Kalinyamat Kingdom's authority includes Jepara, Kudus, Pati, Rembang, Mataram. Tanah Pati and Mataram Land were made for the contest for anyone who succeeded in killing Arya Penangsang.

The Origins of the Prince and Queen of Kalinyamat
Ratu Kalinyamat's real name is Retna Kencana, daughter of Trenggana, king of Demak (1521-1546). In his teens he was married to Prince Kalinyamat.

Prince Kalinyamat came from outside Java. There are various versions of its origin. The Jepara people call their real name Win-tang, a Chinese merchant who had an accident at sea. He was stranded on Jepara beach, and then studied with Sunan Kudus.

Another version says, Win-tang came from Aceh. His real name is Prince Toyib, son of Sultan Mughayat Syah king of Aceh (1514-1528). Toyib traveled to China and became the adopted son of a minister named Tjie Hwio Gwan. The name Win-tang is the Javanese spelling for Tjie Bin Thang, which is the new name Toyib.

Win-tang and his foster father then moved to Java. There Win-tang founded the village of Kalinyamat, which is currently in the Kalinyamat District, so that he was known by the name of Prince Kalinyamat. He succeeded in marrying Retna Kencana, the daughter of the regent of Jepara, so that his wife was later nicknamed Ratu Kalinyamat. Since then, Prince Kalinyamat became a member of the Demak Royal family and obtained the title Pangeran Hadiri.

Prince and Queen Kalinyamat rule together in Jepara. Tjie Hwio Gwan, his foster father, was made the governor of the title Sungging Badar Duwung, who also taught carving to the people of Jepara.

Leader of the Kalinyamat Kingdom
    Sultan Hadlirin (1536.-1546)
    Queen of Kalinyamat (1546-1579}
    Pangeran Arya Jepara (1579 -...)

Petilasan
    Former Kraton (Now Named Siti Inggil), in Kriyan
    The Former Market (Now Named Kutha Surgery), in Robayan

Death of Prince Kalinyamat
In 1549 Sunan Prawata the fourth king of Demak was killed by the envoy of Arya Penangsang, his cousin who was the regent of Jipang. Queen Kalinyamat found the kris Kyai Betok belonging to Sunan Kudus stuck in her brother's body. So, the Prince and Queen Kalinyamat went to Kudus asking for an explanation.

Sunan Kudus was a supporter of the Aryan stimulator in the conflict over the throne after the death of the king of Trenggana (1546). Ratu Kalinyamat came to demand justice for her brother's death. Sunan Kudus explained that when he was young Sunan Prawata had killed Prince Sekar Seda Lepen, the father of Arya Penangsang, so it was natural that he was now rewarded in kind.

Ratu Kalinyamat was disappointed with Sunan Kudus's attitude. She and her husband chose to return to Jepara. In the middle of the road, they were beaten by Arya Penangsang's men. Prince Kalinyamat was killed. It is said that he had crawled on the ground with the remnants of energy, so that by the surrounding population, the area where the death of Prince Kalinyamat was called Prambat village.

According to the story. Furthermore, by bringing the body of Prince Kalinyamat, Queen Kalinyamat continued his journey to a river and the blood that came from the body of Prince Kalinyamat made the river water purple, and then the area was known as Kaliwungu. Increasingly west, and in a state of exhaustion, then passes Pringtulis. And because of the pain in walking staggered (ancestors) in a place now known as Mayong. Arriving in Purwogondo, so called because this is where the initial smell came from the body that was brought by Queen Kalinyamat, and then passed through Pecangaan and arrived in Mantingan.

Ratu Kalinyamat is meditating
Ratu Kalinyamat managed to escape from the murder incident. He then imprisoned naked on Mount Danaraja, with an oath not to dress before he was caught by the head of Arya Penangsang. His biggest hope is his brother-in-law, namely Hadiwijaya alias Jaka Tingkir, the regent of Pajang, because only he is equal in his powers to the regent of Jipang.

Hadiwijaya was reluctant to face Arya Penangsang directly because they were both members of the Demak family. He also held a contest with prizes in the land of Mataram and Pati. The contest was won by Ki Ageng Panahan and Ki Penjawi. Arya Penangsang was killed at the hands of Sutawijaya's son, Ki Ageng Archery, thanks to Ki Juru Martani's clever strategy.

Queen Kalinyamat's First Attack on the Portuguese
Ratu Kalinyamat is again the regent of Jepara. After the death of Arya Penangsang in 1549, the Demak, Jepara, and Jipang areas became Pajang's subordinates led by king Hadiwijaya. Nevertheless, Hadiwijaya still treated Ratu Kalinyamat as a respected senior figure.

Ratu Kalinyamat, like the previous regent of Jepara (Pati Unus), was anti-Portuguese. In 1550 he sent 4,000 Jepara troops in 40 ships to fulfill the request of the Johor sultan to free Malacca from European rule.

The Jepara forces then joined the Malay Alliance forces until they reached 200 warships. The combined forces attacked from the north and succeeded in capturing a portion of Malacca. But the Portuguese managed to reply. The Malay Alliance troops could be repelled, while Jepara's troops remained defensive.

Only after the leader was killed did Jepara's troops withdraw. Subsequent battles continued on the coast and sea, which killed 2,000 Jepara soldiers. A storm came on and two Jepara ships were stranded back to the coast of Malacca, and fell prey to the Portuguese. Jepara warriors who managed to return to Java no more than half of those who managed to leave Malacca.

Ratu Kalinyamat has never been deterred. In 1565 he fulfilled the demands of the Hituites in Ambon to deal with the interference of the Portuguese and the Hatives.

The Second Attack of the Queen of Kalinyamat on the Portuguese
In 1564, Sultan Ali Riayat Syah of the Sultanate of Aceh asked for help from Demak to attack the Portuguese in Malacca. At that time Demak was led by an easily suspicious regent, named Arya Pangiri, son of Sunan Prawata. He killed the Aceh envoy. Finally, Aceh continued to attack Malacca in 1567 even without Javanese assistance. The attack failed.

In 1573, the Aceh sultan asked Ratu Kalinyamat for help to attack Malacca again. The queen sent 300 ships containing 15,000 Jepara soldiers. The troops, led by Ki Demang Admiral, had only arrived in Malacca in October 1574. Even though at that time the Aceh army had been repelled by the Portuguese.

Jepara troops who arrived late were directly firing at Malacca from the Malacca Strait. The next day, they landed and built a defense. But finally, the defense could be penetrated by the Portuguese. As many as 30 Jepara ships caught fire. Jepara began to press, but still refused peace talks because it was too favorable for the Portuguese. Meanwhile, as many as six supply ships sent by Queen Kalinyamat were captured by the Portuguese. Jepara's party was getting weaker and decided to go home. From the initial amount sent by Ratu Kalinyamat, only about a third arrived in Java.

Despite losing twice, Queen Kalinyamat has shown that she is a brave woman. The Portuguese even recorded it as rainha de Japara, senhora poderosa e rica, de kranige Dame, which means "Queen Jepara is a rich and powerful woman, a brave woman".

In lieu of Queen Kalinyamat
Queen Kalinyamat died around 1579. She was buried near the grave of Prince Kalinyamat in the village of Mantingan.

During his life, Ratu Kalinyamat raised three young men. The first was his younger brother, Pangeran Timur Rangga Jumena, the youngest son of Trenggana, who later became the regent of Madiun. The second was his niece, Arya Pangiri, the son of Sunan Prawata who later became the regent of Demak. While the third is his cousin, Prince Arya Jepara, the son of Ratu Ayu Kirana (Sultan Trenggono's younger brother).

Prince Arya Jepara's father was Maulana Hasanuddin, the first king of Banten. When Maulana Yusuf the second king of Banten died in 1580, his crown son was still a child. Prince Arya Jepara intends to usurp the throne. The battle took place in Banten. Prince Jepara was forced to withdraw after ki Demang Laksamana, his commander, died at the hands of the Mangkubumi Sultanate of Banten.

Literature
    Babad Tanah Jawi. 2007. (trans.). Yogyakarta: Narrative
    De Graaf HJ, Pigeaud ThGT. 2001. First Islamic Kingdom in Java. Terj. Jakarta: Graffiti Main Library
    Hayati et al. 2000. The role of Ratu Kalinyamat in Jepara in the XVI Century. Jakarta: National History Awareness Awareness Project Directorate of History and Traditional Values ​​Directorate General of Culture Ministry of National Education.

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K kingdom_Kalinyamat

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