Papua (Dreamland Library) - Lemuria / Mu is an ancient civilization that emerged before the civilization of Atlantis. The researchers placed the era of the Lemuria civilization around the period 75,000 BC - 11,000 BC. If we look from that period, the Nation of Atlantis and Lemuria should have lived together for thousands of years. The idea of the Lemuria Continent firstly existed compared to the civilizations of Atlantis and Ancient Egypt, we can get an explanation from the work of Augustus Le Plongeon (1826-1908), a researcher and writer in the 19th century who conducted research on ancient sites from the Mayans at Yucatan.
This information was obtained after its success in translating several pieces of ancient records from the Mayans. From the results of the translation, obtained some information that shows the results that the Nation of Lemuria was older than the civilization of their ancestors (Atlantis). But it also said, that they had lived in the same period of time, before then a catastrophic earthquake and devastating flood devastated and sank the two advanced civilizations of the past.
Until now, the location of the Lemuria Continent in the past is still a controversy, but based on archaeological evidence and several theories put forward by researchers, it is likely that the civilization is located in the Pacific Ocean (around Indonesia today).
Manado (Dreamland Library) - According to Santos, the sinking of the Atlantis continent took place around 11,600 years ago. This event caused the disappearance of Atlantis, and destroyed around 20 million inhabitants, who at that time had adopted modern culture.
Meanwhile residents who can still survive save themselves by boat. Migration events with this boat, also depicted in the symbols of ancient Egyptian tribes, Inca Maya Aztecs and some ancient traditions.
Because of the magnitude of these events, the Pleistocene ice age which took place for several thousand years ended. The ice that had covered the majority of the earth's surface melted because it was covered with ash.
Ashes were the result of the eruption of the Hercules pillar which, after further researching literally, especially Plato's work, according to Santos, the so-called "Pillar" was the mountain "Krakatau Purba". The other pillar of Hercules is the mountain "Dempo".
The size of the Krakatoa eruption resulted in the division of Java and Sumatra (which was once an island). The Krakatau incident, like a giant fountain that spewed water into the sky, created massive rains and storms, resulting in a Tsunami, melting Ice, thus raising the sea level to about 200 meters.
This resulted in Atlantis sinking around 150 - 200 meters below the surface of the water ..
Some features mentioned by Santos, from Plato's written literature are as follows: Atlantis is in the tropics with warm temperatures, harvests grains twice a year, the land is very fertile. As for the evidence that the sinking is only in the range of 200 meters, is believed by Santos from the Indonesian Bathymetry map which has shallow waters around the islands, especially Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.
Santos's conviction, that the location of Atlantis was the one in Indonesia, became even stronger, was after the massive tsunami that struck Aceh 26 December 2004.
To prove this, Santos suggested, to conduct underwater research at a depth of 150-200 meters in Indonesian waters, especially in the Java ocean.
If indeed it is ultimately proven that Atlantis is Indonesia. According to Santos, this would overturn the claim of the Western world, especially Europe, that all Culture and Progress originated there.
Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Examining the history of the Archipelago, the more we know, that the Land of the Archipelago is an old land that exists on this earth.
Nusantara History The history of the Archipelago in this paper is interpreted as a record of a series of events that occurred on the islands between the Asian Continent and the Australian Continent before the founding of the Republic of Indonesia.
Natural Background The main land area of the archipelago was formed from the two ends of the Pangea Superbenua in the Mesozoic Era (250 million years ago), but parts of different continental plates. These two parts move closer due to the movement of the plates, so that during the last Ice Age a large strait has formed between the Sundanese Exposure in the west and Saharan Exposure in the east. Sulawesi and surrounding islands fill the space between two opposite continents. These intermediate islands are referred to by biologists as Wallacea, an area that has a unique distribution of fauna. This geological and geographic situation has implications for the topography, climate, soil fertility, distribution of living things (especially plants and animals), and human migration in the region. The confluence of the Eurasian Plate in the west, the Indo-Australian Plate in the south, and the Pacific Plate in the northeast become active volcanic regions that provide mineral richness to the surrounding land making it very good for agriculture, but also earthquake-prone. The meeting of these continental plates also lifts a part of the sea floor upward resulting in the formation of karst hills that are rich in caves in a number of places. Fossils of marine animals found in this region.
The archipelago is located in the tropics, which means it has warm seas and receives continuous sunlight throughout the year with high intensity. This situation encourages the formation of ecosystems that are rich in diversity of living things, both plants and animals. The sea is warm and becomes a meeting point for two large oceans. The strait between two parts of the continent (Wallacea) is part of the ocean currents from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean which is rich in marine resources. Coral reefs in this region are places with very high biodiversity. Natural wealth on land and sea colors the early culture of the inhabitants. Many of the indigenous people who live rely on marine wealth and make them understand basic navigation navigation, and later assist in the occupation of the Pacific region (Oceania). The Australian continent and the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans on the other hand provide an important annual climate variation factor. The archipelago is affected by the monsoon system with the result that many places experience different water availability in a year. Most areas are familiar with the dry and rainy seasons. For sailors it is known that the west wind (occurs in the rainy season) and the east wind. In the era of inter-island trade which relied on sailing ships, this wind pattern was very important in scheduling trade. From the point of view of the distribution of living things, this region is the meeting point of two different provinces of flora and fauna, as a result of an evolutionary process that runs separately, but then converges. The Sunda Exposure section, which is always not far from the equator, has Eurasian fauna, while the Sahul Exposure area in the east has Australian type fauna. The Wallacea region forms a "bridge" for mixing these two types, but because it is rather isolated it has a distinctive type. This was realized by a number of scholars from the 19th century, such as Alfred Wallace, Max Carl Wilhelm Weber, and Richard Lydecker. In contrast to fauna, the distribution of flora (plants) in this region is more mixed, even forming a unique flora province, different from the type in India and East Asia and the arid region of Australia, which is named by botanywan as Malesia. Human migration then encouraged the further distribution of flora in this area and also the entry of foreign plants and animals from mainland Eurasia, America and Africa in historical times. Prehistory Homo erectus fossils found in several sites on Java show the possibility of population continuity from 1.7 million years (Sangiran) to 50,000 years ago (Ngandong). A long period of time indicates a change in features that results in two different subspecies (H. erectus paleojavanicus which is older than H. erectus soloensis). Swisher (1996) proposed the thesis that up to 50,000 years ago they had lived a contemporary with modern humans H. sapiens. Migration of H. sapiens (modern humans) to return home to the archipelago is estimated to occur in the span of time between 70 000 and 60,000 years ago. Austrolomelanesoid-type people, who later became the ancestors of several indigenous tribes in the Malay Peninsula (Semang), the Philippines (Negrito), Aboriginal Australia, Papua, and Melanesia, entered the Sunda Exposure area. They then moved east. Niah Cave in Sarawak has the oldest skeletal remains that represent this community (around 60 to 50 thousand years old). Skull remains were also found in caves in karst areas in Java (Sewu Mountains). They are supporters of Paleolithic culture who are not yet familiar with crop cultivation or raising livestock and live gathering (hunt and gathering). The discovery of a skeleton series of human-like creatures on Liang Bua, Flores Island, opens up the possibility of a third hominid species, now known as H. floresiensis. Furthermore, about 2500 years before Christ, there was migration by Austronesian speakers from Taiwan to the Philippines, then south and Indonesia, and east to the Pacific. They are the ancestors of the tribes in the Nusantara region. This Austronesian person understands farming, shipping and even astronomy. They also have a simple system of governance and a leader (little king). The arrival of immigrants from India in the last centuries before Christ introduced them to a more advanced system of governance (kingdom). Proto History Period Contact with the outside world is known from records written by the Chinese. From there it is known that there are already people who trade with them. The main objects of trade are forest products or gardens, such as various spices, such as pepper, aloes, sandalwood, nutmeg, incense, and gambier, as well as gold and silver. The points of trade have grown, led by a kind of ruler chosen by citizens or inherited from generation to generation. Chinese records say that in the first centuries AD it was discovered that there were Buddhist, Hindu and animist communities. Archaeological discoveries from several hundred years BC to the Hindu-Buddhist period show the widespread Megalithic culture, along with the Perundagian culture. Arabic records mention traders from the east sailing to the east coast of Africa. Map of Ptolemy, a resident of Alexandria, wrote Chersonesos aurea ("Golden Peninsula") for the area that was likely to be the Malay Peninsula or the Island of Sumatra. Hindu / Buddhist kingdom Salakanagara Kingdom Kingdom of Tarumanagara Kingdom of Kutai Kingdom of Srivijaya Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom Kingdom of Kalingga Keritang Kingdom Kingdom of Mataram (Ancient Mataram) Royal Medang Kingdom of Kahuripan Kediri Kingdom Kingdom of Kanjempuan Janggala Kingdom Singasari Kingdom Majapahit kingdom The Dharmasraya Kingdom Pajajaran Kingdom Blambangan Kingdom Sailendra Kingdom Sanjaya Kingdom Isyana Kingdom Kingdom of the State of Daha Dipa State Kingdom Kingdom of Tanjung Puri Kingdom of Nan Sarunai Royal Curse Tulang Bawang kingdom Aru Kingdom Mengwi kingdom
Islamic Kingdom Testimony of Sekala Brak The Sultanate of Aceh Asahan Sultanate Kemuning Kingdom The Kingdom of the Six Inner Tribes Indragiri Kingdom Banten Sultanate Bima Sultanate Sultanate of Bulungan Butonese Sultanate Cirebon Sultanate Lingga-Riau Sultanate Sultanate of Deli Dompu Sultanate Sultanate of Demak Gowa Sultanate Jambi Sultanate Sultanate of Pinang City The Sultanate of Kutai Sultanate of Langkat Sultanate of Pajang Sultanate of Mataram Kartasura Sultanate The Sultanate of Pagaruyung Inderapura Sultanate Kingdom of the River Pagu Palembang Sultanate Pontianak Sultanate Samawa Sultanate The Sambas Sultanate Sultanate of Serdang Sultanate of Siak Sri Inderapura Kingdom of Tanjungpura Kingdom of Iha Kingdom of the Land of Hitu Ternate Sultanate Tidore Sultanate Butonese Sultanate Kingdom of Sumedang Larang Surakarta Sunanate Yogyakarta Sultanate Mangkunagaran Paku Alaman Duchy Malacca Sultanate Pasai Kingdom Sultanate of Banjarmasin Linge Kingdom The Sultanate of Perlak The Sultanate of Sand Kotawaringin Sultanate Pagatan Kingdom Tidung Kingdom Sambaliung Sultanate Sultanate of Mount Tabur Sultanate of Mempawah Sultanate of Kubu Colonial Age
Portuguese era The Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry enabled them to carry out exploration and expansion expeditions. Beginning with an exploration expedition sent from Malacca that was only conquered in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the archipelago of what is now Indonesia, and try to control the source of valuable spices and to expand Roman Catholic missionary efforts. The first attempt of the Portuguese to take control of the Indonesian archipelago was to welcome offers of cooperation from the Sunda Kingdom.
At the beginning of the 16th century, important trading ports on the north coast of Java were already controlled by the Sultanate of Demak, including two Sundanese Kingdom ports, namely Banten and Cirebon. Concerned that the role of the Sunda Kelapa port was getting weaker, the Sunda king, Sri Baduga (Prabu Siliwangi) sought help to ensure the survival of his kingdom's main port. The choice fell to the Portuguese, the ruler of Malacca. Thus, in 1512 and 1521, Sri Baduga sent his crown prince, Surawisesa, to Malacca to ask the Portuguese to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper, and give them the right to build a fort at Sunda Kelapa.
In 1522 the Portuguese were ready to form a coalition with the Sundanese to gain access to the profitable pepper trade. The year coincided with the completion of world exploration by Magellan.
The commander of the fortress of Malacca at that time was Jorge de Albuquerque. That same year he sent a ship, São Sebastião, under the command of Captain Enrique Leme, to Sunda Kalapa accompanied by valuables to be presented to the king of Sunda. Two written sources describe the end of the agreement in detail. The first is an original Portuguese document dating from 1522 which contains the text of the treaty and the signatures of witnesses, and the second is an incident report submitted by João de Barros in his book "Da Asia", printed shortly before 1777/78.
According to these historical sources, the Sundanese king welcomed the arrival of the Portuguese warmly. At that time Prabu Surawisesa had ascended the throne to replace his father and Barros called him "king of Samio". The Sundanese king agreed to a treaty of friendship with the king of Portugal and decided to give the land at the mouth of Ciliwung as the port for Portuguese ships. In addition, the Sundanese king promised that if the construction of the fortress had begun he would donate a thousand sacks of pepper to the Portuguese. The contract documents were made in duplicate, one copy for the king of Sunda and another for the king of Portugal; both of them were signed on August 21, 1522. In the agreement document, witnesses from the Sunda Kingdom are Padam Tumungo, Samgydepaty, e outre Benegar e easy o xabandar, meaning "Who is in Tumenggung, the Duke, Treasurer and Syahbandar Sunda Kelapa". There were eight witnesses from the Portuguese side, as reported by the Porto historian João de Barros. Witnesses from the Sunda Kingdom did not sign the document, they legalized it with customs through "salvation". Now, one copy of this agreement is stored at the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
On the day of the signing of the agreement, several nobles of the Sunda Kingdom along with Enrique Leme and his entourage went to the land that would become a stronghold at the mouth of Ci Liwung. They established an inscription, called Luso-Sundanese padrão, in what is now the Tugu Village in North Jakarta. It was customary for the Portuguese to establish padrao when they discovered new land. The padrao is now kept in the Jakarta National Museum.
The Portuguese failed to fulfill its promise to return to Sunda Kalapa the following year to build a fortress due to problems in Goa / India.
This agreement triggered the attack of the Sultanate of Demak army into Sunda Kelapa in 1,527 AD and succeeded in expelling the Portuguese from Sunda Kelapa on 22 June 1,527 AD This date was later made the day of the founding of Jakarta.
Having failed to conquer Java, the Portuguese turned their attention eastward to Maluku. Through military conquest and alliance with local leaders, the Portuguese established trading ports, strongholds and missions in eastern Indonesia including the islands of Ternate, Ambon and Solor. However, interest in Portuguese missionary activity occurred in the mid-16th century, after the military conquest efforts in the islands ceased and their interest shifted to Japan, Macao and China; and sugar in Brazil.
Portuguese presence in Indonesia was limited to Solor, Flores and Portuguese Timor after they suffered defeat in 1.575 AD in Ternate, and after the Dutch conquest of Ambon, North Maluku and Banda. Portuguese influence on Indonesian culture is relatively small: a number of Portuguese surnames on Portuguese descent communities in Tugu, North Jakarta, keroncong music, and family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, Queljo, etc. In Indonesian there are also a number of loan words from Portuguese, such as sinyo, miss, shirt, window, soap, cheese, etc. VOC era Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (Union of East Indies Companies) or VOC which was established on March 20, 1602 is a Dutch company that has a monopoly for trading activities in Asia. It was called East Indies because there was also a VOC which was a trade union of the West Indies. This company is considered as the first company to issue shares distribution.
Even though the VOC is actually a trading body, but this trade body is special because it is supported by the state and given its own special facilities. For example, the VOC may have an army and may negotiate with other countries. It can be said that VOC is a state within a state.
The VOC consists of 6 Sections (Kamers) in Amsterdam, Middelburg (for Zeeland), Enkhuizen, Delft, Hoorn and Rotterdam. Delegates from this room gathered as Heeren XVII (Gentlemen XVII). Kamers contributed delegates to seventeen according to the proportion of capital they paid; Amsterdam delegations number eight.
In Indonesia the VOC has the popular name Kompeni or Kumpeni. This term is taken from the word compagnie in the company's full name in Dutch.
Banten (Dreamland Library) - This huge mountain is located in the Sunda Strait, in 535 AD erupted with a very powerful, and left a large crater (Caldera).
The erupting mountain, is the mother of Mount Krakatau which then erupted again in the year 1883 AD, and made it one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions on earth.
Papua (DreamLandLibrary) - Lemuria / Mu is a Modern Civilization that appeared first, before the Modern Civilization of Atlantis
Researchers place the Era of the Lemuria Civilization in the period 75,000 BC to 11,000 BC. If we look at this period, the Lumeria Nation ended in 11,000 BC, while the Atlantis began in 9,500 BC. so about 2,500 years adrift.
The Land of Mu ("The Land of Mu"), was revealed for the first time by Augustus Le Plongeon in 1,825 AD - 1,907 AD (A Researcher and Writer), after he returned from his journey to study the remnants of the Mayan ruins in Yucatan, Mexico. This information was obtained, after its success translating several pieces of ancient records from the Mayans. From the results of the translation, obtained some information that shows the results, that the Lemurians are indeed older than their civilization (Atlantis).
From various Building Reliefs, Artifacts, Symbols, and Hieroglyphs writings found there, Le Ploengon concluded, that the Mayan Civilizations (Ancestors) were older than the Egyptian and Greek civilizations, even further, which were the parent of Very Ancient Civilizations , namely from one land that sank because of disaster.
One of the ancestors of the sinking land was the "Queen Moo" who built civilizations in Egypt and Greece. Le Ploengon then concluded that the land referred to by the Mayans was the Land of Atlantis in Timaeus and Critias.
Papua (DreamLandLibrary). - James Churchward Year 1851 AD - 1936 AD helped encourage the popularity of ideas from Augustus Le Plongeon, which was set forth in a series of his books, including: Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Man in 1926 AD, which was later edited into a series , The Lost Continent of Mu in 1931 AD, which was later written in the popular book entitled The Children of Mu in 1931 AD, and The Sacred Symbols of Mu in 1933 AD
Churhward said that the descriptions contained in his books were taken from transcripts of ancient letters, which were found on two land tablets shown by the High Priest in India (while he was serving as a military there), and also from 2500 stone tablets inscribed from Mayan ruins in Mexico collected by William Niven.
Of the 2500 stone tablets, Churchward concluded that in the Land of Mu or Le-MU-ria there was a high civilization of the nation "Naacal" which developed from 50,000 years to 12,000 years ago (48,000 BC to 10,000 BC), which was destroyed due to natural disasters.
When this major disaster occurred, the population of Mu people had reached 64 million people, leaving many big cities and colonies in various places in the world.
One of the characteristics of the Mu or Naacal relics is the symbol (God) of the Sun and Bird Man carved in various artifacts, as Megalithic relics in many places in the world, including large stone statues (Moai) on Easter Island, Polynesia.
Contrary to Augustus Le Plongeon's opinion, Churhward believed that the great land that sank from the Maya's ancestors (and also other nations, including Egypt and Greece) was in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, not in the Atlantic Ocean.
Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - According to information obtained from the Department of Mining and Energy of West Nusa Tenggara Province, in the past Mount Rinjani was estimated to reach an altitude of ± 5,000 m above sea level with the location west of Mount Rinjani Now in the Prequarter era (> 1.8 Million Years which then) the Rinjani area is sedimentary rock sediment, which subsequently during the Plistocene (<1.8 Million Years ago) volcanic activity occurred, as a result of the occurrence of volcanic tectonic symptoms, can break out to the surface in the form of eruption activity or melt lava.
During the phase of the destruction of the volcano Mount Rinjani has formed a caldera that is mostly filled with water and formed a lake called Lake Segara Anak (± 2,010 m asl) which has a depth of ± 230 meters, crescent-shaped with an area of about 1,100 Ha. As a result of volcanic tectonics that continue in the middle of the caldera a new cone of volcanoes emerges called Gunung Baru Jari (± 2,376 m asl).
The history of the Mount Rinjani eruption began from 1847 to 2004, nine eruptions that ranged inside the caldera, while the crater of Mount Rinjani itself had never been recorded an eruption.
Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Krakatau is an active volcanic archipelago and is located in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra. This name was once pinned on a volcanic peak there (Mount Krakatoa) which vanished because of its own eruption on August 26-27, 1883. The eruption was very powerful; the hot clouds and the resulting tsunami killed around 36,000 people. Until before December 26, 2004, this tsunami was the most devastating in the Indian Ocean region. The sound of the eruption was heard reaching Alice Springs, Australia and Rodrigues Island near Africa, 4,653 kilometers. Its explosive power is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that was detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.
Krakatau eruption caused global climate change. The world was dark for two and a half days due to volcanic ash that covered the atmosphere. The sun shines dim until next year. Scattering of dust visible in the skies of Norway to New York.
Krakatau explosion is actually still inferior to the eruption of Mount Toba and Mount Tambora in Indonesia, Mount Tanpo in New Zealand and Mount Katmal in Alaska. But these volcanoes erupted considerably in a time when human populations were still very few. Meanwhile, when Mount Krakatoa erupted, the human population was already quite dense, science and technology had developed, telegraphs had been discovered, and submarine cables had been installed. Thus it can be said that at that time information technology was growing and developing rapidly. It was noted that the eruption of Mount Krakatoa was the first major disaster in the world after the discovery of an underwater telegraph. This progress has unfortunately not been matched by progress in the field of geology. Geologists at that time were not even able to provide an explanation of the eruption. The development of Mount Krakatau Ancient Krakatau Mountain Looking at the Krakatau Mountain region in the Sunda Strait, experts estimate that in ancient times there was a very large mountain in the Sunda Strait which finally erupted devastatingly leaving a caldera (large crater) called Mount Krakatau Purba, which was the mother of Mount Krakatau which erupted on 1883. The mountain is composed of andesitic rocks. The account of the Ancient Krakatau eruption was taken from an Old Javanese text entitled Pustaka Raja Parwa which is thought to have originated from 416 AD. Its contents, among others, state:
"There was a thunderous thunder coming from Mount Batuwara. There was also a terrifying earth shake, total darkness, lightning and lightning. Then came a terrible wind and rain storm and all the storms darkened the whole world. A great flood came from Mount Batuwara and flowed into east towards Mount Kamula ... When the water drowned it, the island of Java separated into two, creating the island of Sumatra " Geologist Berend George Escher and a number of other experts argue that the natural event that was told came from Mount Krakatau, which in the text is called Gunung Batuwara. According to Raja Parwa's book, the height of the Ancient Krakatau reached 2,000 meters above sea level, and the coastline reached 11 kilometers. As a result of the great explosion, three quarters of the ancient Krakatau body were destroyed leaving a caldera (large crater) in the Sunda Strait. The sides or edges of the crater are known as Rakata Island, Panjang Island and Sertung Island, in other records referred to as Rakata Island, Rakata Kecil Island and Sertung Island. This eruption was allegedly responsible for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic plague occurs because the temperature cools. This pestilence significantly reduced the number of inhabitants on earth. This eruption was also thought to have contributed to the end of the heyday of ancient Persia, the transmutation of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of the great Maya city, Tikal and the fall of the enigmatic Nazca civilization in South America. The Ancient Krakatau explosion was estimated to last for 10 days with an estimated mass vomit speed reaching 1 million tons per second. The explosion has formed an atmosphere shield of 20-150 meters thick, reducing temperatures by 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years. The emergence of Mount Krakatoa Rakata Island, which is one of the three remaining islands of Ancient Krakatau Mountain, grew according to volcanic impulses from the bowels of the earth known as Mount Krakatau (or Rakata Mountain) made of basaltic rock. Then, two volcanoes emerge from the middle of the crater, named Mount Danan and Mount Perbuwatan which then merges with Mount Rakata which appears first. This third union of volcanoes is called Mount Krakatoa.
Mount Krakatoa erupted in 1680 to produce andesitic acid lava. Then in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan actively released lava even though it did not erupt. After that time, there was no more volcanic activity on Krakatau until May 20, 1883. On that day, after 200 years of sleep, there was a small explosion on Mount Krakatau. Those are the first signs of a terrible eruption in the Sunda Strait. These small explosions were then followed by small eruptions which culminated on August 26-27, 1883. Eruption 1883 On Monday, August 27, 1883, at exactly 10:20, there was an explosion on the mountain. According to Simon Winchester, a geologist graduated from the University of Oxford in England who is also the author of National Geographic said that the explosion was the biggest, loudest sound and the most devastating volcanic event in modern human history. The sound of the eruption was heard up to 4,600 km from the center of the eruption and could even be heard by 1/8 inhabitants of the earth at that time. According to researchers at the University of North Dakota, the Krakatoa explosion along with the Tambora explosion (1815) recorded the largest Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) in modern history. The Guiness Book of Records records the explosion of Krakatoa as the most intense explosion recorded in history. Krakatoa explosion has thrown pumice stones and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic kilometers. Volcanic ash bursts reaching 80 km. Hard objects that scattered into the air fell on the plains of Java and Sumatra even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand. The eruption destroyed Mount Danan, Mount Perbuwatan and part of Mount Rakata where half of the cone disappeared, making a basin as wide as 7 km and as deep as 250 meters. Sea waves rising as high as 40 meters destroy villages and anything that is on the coast. This tsunami arose not only because of the eruption but also an underwater avalanche. The death toll was recorded at 36,417 people from 295 coastal villages ranging from Merak (Serang) to Cilamaya in Karawang, west coast of Banten to Tanjung Layar on Panaitan Island (Ujung Kulon and southern Sumatra. In Ujungkulon, flooding came in to 15) km to the west The next day until a few days later, the inhabitants of Jakarta and Lampung inland no longer see the sun.The tsunami waves generated even spread to the coast of Hawaii, the west coast of Central America and the Arabian Peninsula a distance of 7 thousand kilometers. Anak Krakatau Starting in 1927 or about 40 years after the eruption of Mount Krakatoa, a volcano, known as the Anak Krakatoa from the ancient caldera region, is still active and continues to increase in height. High growth speed of around 20 inches per month. Every year it gets about 20 feet taller and 40 feet wider. Other notes mention the addition of a height of about 4 cm per year and if calculated, then within 25 years the addition of the height of the Rakata child reached 7,500 inches or 500 feet higher than the previous 25 years. The cause of the high mountain was caused by material coming out of the belly of the new mountain. At present the height of Anak Krakatau reaches about 230 meters above sea level, while Mount Krakatau was 813 meters above sea level. According to Simon Winchester, even though what happened in Krakatoa's life that was once very frightening, the geological, seismic and tectonic realities in Java and Sumatra will ensure that what happened once will happen again. No one knows for sure when the Child of Krakatoa will erupt. Some geologists predict this eruption will occur between 2015-2083. But the effects of the earthquake on the bottom of the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004 also cannot be ignored. Anak Krakatau, February 2008
According to Professor Ueda Nakayama, one of Japan's volcano experts, Anak Krakatau is still relatively safe despite being active and there are often small eruptions, only certain times tourists are prohibited from approaching this area because of the danger of incandescent lava spewing this volcano. Other experts claim there is no plausible theory about Anak Krakatau which will erupt again. Even if there are at least 3 more centuries or after 2325 AD But clearly, the number of victims caused is more awesome than the previous eruption. Anak Krakatau is now generally known by the community as "Mount Krakatau" as well, although it is actually a new mountain that grew after the previous eruption. External links The page on Krakatau on the Discovery Channel Krakatau Children photo collection eruption 2011-2012 van Sandick RA 1890. In The Realm of The Volcano. The eruption of Krakatoa and the aftermath. Zutphen, W.J. Thieme & Cie. The online book contains the records of a machine interpreter when Krakatoa erupted The page contains accounts of witnesses to the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatau
Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length of 100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. In the middle of this lake there is a volcanic island called Samosir Island.
Lake Toba has long been an important tourist destination in North Sumatra besides Bukit Lawang, Berastagi and Nias, attracting domestic and foreign tourists. For more complete information about Lake Toba please see here
History
It is estimated that Lake Toba occurred during the explosion around 73,000-75,000 years ago and is the most recent eruption of the supervolcano (super volcano). Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University estimate that volcanic material spewed out of the mountain is 2,800 km³, with 800 km³ ignite rock and 2,000 km³ volcanic ash expected to be blown to the west for 2 weeks. Volcanic dust in the wind has spread to half the earth, from China to South Africa. The eruption occurred for 1 week and throw the dust up to 10 km above sea level.
This incident caused mass death and in some species also followed by extinction. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to around 60% of the total population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption also contributed to the ice age, although experts are still debating it.
After the eruption, a caldera was formed which was then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Upward pressure by magma that has not yet come out causes the appearance of Samosir Island.
An international multidisciplinary research team, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, United States that new archeological sites have been found quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. The site revealed how people survived, before and after the eruption of the volcano (supervolcano) Toba 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life under the ash heap of Mount Toba. Even though the source of the eruption was 3,000 miles away from the ashes.
For seven years, experts from Oxford University have been researching ecosystem projects in India, to look for evidence of life and living equipment they left behind in a barren field. This area of thousands of hectares turned out to be just savanna (grassland). While animal bones scattered. The team concluded, this vast area was covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.
The spread of volcanic dust is very broad, found almost all over the world. Derived from an ancient supervolcano eruption, namely Mount Toba. Allegations lead to Mount Toba, because found evidence of the same form of volcanic dust molecules at 2100 points. Since the caldera crater which has now become Lake Toba in Indonesia, up to 3000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even surprisingly enough, it turns out that the spread of dust until recorded up to the North Pole. This reminds experts, how powerful the Toba volcanic eruption was at that time.
It is estimated that Lake Toba occurred during the explosion around 73,000-75,000 years ago and is the most recent eruption of the supervolcano (super volcano). Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University estimate that volcanic material spewed out of the mountain is 2,800 km³, with 800 km³ ignite rock and 2,000 km³ volcanic ash expected to be blown to the west for 2 weeks. Volcanic dust in the wind has spread to half the earth, from China to South Africa. The eruption occurred for 1 week and throw the dust up to 10 km above sea level.
This incident caused mass death and in some species also followed by extinction. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to around 60% of the total population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption also contributed to the ice age, although experts are still debating it.
After the eruption, a caldera was formed which was then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Upward pressure by magma that has not yet come out causes the appearance of Samosir Island.
An international multidisciplinary research team, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, United States that new archeological sites have been found quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. The site revealed how people survived, before and after the eruption of the volcano (supervolcano) Toba 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life under the ash heap of Mount Toba. Even though the source of the eruption was 3,000 miles away from the ashes.
For seven years, experts from Oxford University examined ecosystem projects in India, to look for evidence of life and living equipment they left behind in a barren field. This area of thousands of hectares turned out to be just savanna (grassland). While animal bones scattered. The team concluded, this vast area was covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.
The spread of volcanic dust is very broad, found almost all over the world. Derived from an ancient supervolcano eruption, namely Mount Toba. Allegations lead to Mount Toba, because found evidence of the same form of volcanic dust molecules at 2100 points. Since the caldera crater which has now become Lake Toba in Indonesia, up to 3000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even surprisingly enough, it turns out that the spread of dust until recorded up to the North Pole. This reminds experts, how powerful the Toba volcanic eruption was at that time.
Reference
Jorge A. Vazquez and Mary R. Reid. Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous Toba Magma.
Science # 305, August 13, 2004, p. 991-994.
Dedi Riskomar., The Biggest Eruption of Mount Toba in the World, General Mind People's Daily, April 1, 2010, p. 30
External links
(Indonesia) North Sumatra Tourism Site
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