Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 AD - 6 May 1859 AD)

Berlin (Dreamland Library) - His full name is Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt who was born on September 14, 1769 and died on May 6, 1859.

Later it became known as Humboldt and its name was enshrined as the name of the University (Humboldt-Universität) in the city of Berlin Germany.

Humboldt was a German naturalist and explorer. He is also the younger brother of the prominent philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt

His father, a soldier, died when Humboldt was around the age of 9, so at that time he and Wilhelm were displaced by their mother who lived far from Humboldt and her brother. Since being cared for by her mother, Humboldt and her brother received early education from their own mother. The lessons they get are language and mathematics.

When he began to grow up, Humboldt began to study outside the home. He attended the Freiberg Academy of Mines and was educated directly by a well-known geologist, A.G. Werner Humboldt met with George Forester, a draftsman from the second voyage of captain James Cook. In 1792, when Humboldt was exactly 22 years old, he worked in the government of Franconia, Prussia as a mining overseer.

At the age of 27, Humboldt's mother died, leaving a wealth of wealth from the real estate business. The following year, he relinquished his post in government and planned to travel with a plant expert, Aime Bonpland.

In 1835 he invented the weather station. Humboldt also made an isotherm map for the first time, which contained average temperature lines.

Humboldt died on May 6, 1859.
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The History of the Boedi Oetomo 1908 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Budi Utomo (Boedi Oetomo) is a youth organization founded on May 20, 1908, by Dr. Soetomo, along with 9 STOVIA students (Javanese Medical School), among others: Goenawan Mangoenkoesoemo, Soeraji, Soewarno.

The establishment of Budi Utomo was the beginning of a movement aimed at achieving Indonesian independence, even though at that time the organization was only intended for Javanese-educated groups.

On Sunday, May 20, 1908, at nine in the morning, in one of STOVIA's study rooms, Soetomo explained his idea, that the future of the nation and the Motherland was in their hands.

This is the reason for the birth of Boedi Oetomo, but young people are also aware that they still have many duties as medical students, aside from having to organize.

For this reason, according to them the need for "old people" who must lead Budi Utomo, while the youth themselves will become the motor that will drive the organization.

Budi Utomo underwent several changes of leaders, the majority held by leaders from the "priyaji" or nobles from the palace, including: Raden Adipati Tirtokoesoemo, former Karanganyar Regent, and Prince Ario Noto Dirodjo from the Pakualaman Palace.

After a year of its establishment, this organization suffered a setback.

Boedi Oetomo's Leadership in 10 Years
This is because Raden Adipati Tirtokoesoemo, a former Karanganyar Regent, is more likely to be a submissive person to the Dutch colonial government. He is not a person who is committed to an idea of ​​independence ..

Then Tirtokoesomo was succeeded by Prince Ario Noto Dirodjo of the Pakualaman Palace. This organization is increasingly seen as a society of nobles, rather than a progressive liberation organization.

Disunity is inevitable, with some young members declaring to leave the organization. Tjipto Mangoenkosoemo was one of those who strongly protested the increasingly conservative direction of organizational policies.

Multatuli in the romance of Max Havelaar, stated a theory that convinced "To dominate the Javanese, it was enough to control its leaders", and the colony was easier to master through its leaders.

Source:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi_Utomo
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History of Sarekat Islam 1,911 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Islamic Syarikat (Sarekat Islam - SI). Formerly called Sarekat Dagang Islam (abbreviated SDI), and it was founded on October 16, 1905 by Haji Samanhudi.

SDI was originally an organization formed by Haji Samanhudi and his friends, as an association of Islamic traders who opposed Dutch politics, allowing the entry of foreign traders to control the people's economy at that time.

• In 1906, at the first SDI congress in Solo, the name SDI was changed to Sarekat Islam.
• In 1912, September 10, due to political and social conditions at that time, HOS Tjokroaminoto faced the notary B. ter Kuile in Solo to make Islamic Sarikat as a Legal Entity, with a new SI Statute, which was recognized and endorsed by the Dutch Government on September 14, 1912.

With the change to SI, Hos Tjokroaminoto changed the SDI jurisdiction more broadly, which previously only covered economic and social issues, becoming more directed towards political and religious movements.

Furthermore, due to political and social developments, SI has again metamorphosed into a movement organization that has been renamed several times, including:

• In 1916, Central Sarekat Islam (abbreviated as CSI)
• In 1920, the Sarekat Islam Party (PSI)
• In 1923, the East Indies Islamic Sarekat Party (PSIHT)
• In 1929, the Indonesian Islamic Syarikat Party (PSII)
• 1973, Islamic Society (PSII)
• In 2003, at the 35th Majlis Tahkim (National Congress) in Garut, the name was changed to Syarikat Islam (abbreviated SI).
• In 2015, the 40th Majlis Tahkim in Bandung, confirmed Dr. Hamdan Zoelva, SH., MH. as Chairman of Laznah Tanfidziyah. Through the organization's highest decision, the Islamic Syarikat returned to its khittah as an economic missionary movement.

Source: From various sources

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History of Muhammadiyah 1,912 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Muhammadiyah is an Islamic organization, whose name is taken from the name of the Prophet Muhammad, so that Muhammadiyah can also be said to be followers of the Prophet Muhammad.

With enthusiasm to build social order and education in a more advanced and pedestrian society. This can be seen from the many places of education throughout Indonesia, the establishment of hospitals, orphanages.

Source: From various sources
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History of Nahdlatul 'Ulama 1926 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - Nahdlatul 'Ulama (Awakening' Ulama or Awakening of Islamic Scholars), abbreviated as NU, was established on January 31, 1926

NU is the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, one of the efforts to institutionalize the insight of religious traditions that were held long before, namely the Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah.

The organization is engaged in religious, educational, social and economic fields.

In addition, other indigenous organizations whether social, cultural or religious in nature that were born during the occupation, basically constituted resistance to the invaders.

Famous kiai from East Java, Madura, Central Java and West Java, as the initiators, held a meeting at the residence of K.H. Wahab Chasbullah in Surabaya.

Besides K.H. Wahab Chasbullah, the meeting of the kiai was also an initiative of K.H. Hasyim Ash'ari as the initiator

What was discussed at the time was the effort to maintain traditional Islam in Indonesia.

Therefore, a special container needs to be formed, which Kiai Wahab had pioneered long before. With K.H. Mas Mansur, as written by Ahmad Zahro in the book Intellectual Tradition of NU: Lajnah Bahtsul Masail 1926-1999 (2004),

Kiai Wahab founded Nahdlatul Wathan ("revival of the motherland") in 1914. Martin van Brulnessen in a book entitled NU: Tradition, Power Relations, the Search for New Discourse (1994) mentions that, it can be said that Nahdlatul Wathan is a religious education institution with a pattern of the first moderate nationalist in the archipelago.

The Nahdlatul Wathan version of Kiai Wahab and Kiai Mas Mansur differed from the same-named institution established by Mr. Guru Kiai Haji (TGKH) Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid in Lombok, East Nusa Tenggara, in 1953.

Source: From various sources
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