Royal name
Many historical heritage sources mention the combination of these two kingdoms with the name of the Sunda Kingdom only. The first journey of Prabu Jaya Pakuan (Bujangga Manik) around the island of Java is described as follows:
- Sadatang ka tungtung Sunda
- Meuntasing di Cipamali
- Datang ka alas Jawa
I crossed Cipamali (now called Brebes)
and enter me into the Javanese jungle
According to Tome Pires (1513) in his travel notes, "Summa Oriental (1513 - 1515)", he wrote that:
The Sunda kingdom takes up half of the whole island of Java; others, to whom more authority is attributed, say that the Sunda kingdom must be a third part of the island and an eight more. It ends at the river chi Manuk. They say that from the earliest times God divided the island of Java from that of Sunda and that of Java by the said river, which has trees from one end to the other, and they say the trees on each side of the line over to each country with the branches on the ground.
So, it is clear that the combination of the two kingdoms is only called by the name of the Sunda Kingdom.
Information about the existence of the two kingdoms is also found in several other historical sources. The inscription in Bogor tells a lot about the Sunda Kingdom as a fraction of Tarumanagara, while the inscription in the Sukabumi area tells about the state of the Sunda Kingdom until the time of Sri Jayabupati.
The establishment of Sundanese and Galuh kingdoms
Distribution of Tarumanagara
Tarusbawa, who came from the Kingdom of Sunda Sambawa, in 669 AD replaced the position of his in-laws, Linggawarman, the last king of Tarumanagara. Because Tarumanagara's prestige in his day had greatly declined, he wanted to restore the fragrance of the Purnawarman era based in purasaba (capital) of Sundapura. In 670 AD, he changed the name Tarumanagara to the Sunda Kingdom. This incident was made an excuse by Wretikandayun, founder of the Galuh Kingdom and still the Tarumanegara royal family, to separate themselves from the power of Tarusbawa.
With the support of the Kingdom of Kalingga in Central Java, Wretikandayun demanded to Tarusbawa that the Tarumanagara area be divided in two. This support can occur because the crown prince Galuh named Mandiminyak, has an affair with the daughter Parwati Maharani Shima from Kalingga. In a weak position and wanting to avoid a civil war, Tarusbawa accepted Galuh's demands. In 670 AD, the Tarumanagara territory was divided into two kingdoms; namely the Kingdom of Sunda and the Kingdom of Galuh with the
Citarum River as its boundary.
Also Read: Tarumanagara Kingdom and Kalingga Kingdom.
The location of the capital city of Sunda
Maharaja Tarusbawa then established a new royal capital in the interior near the headwaters of the Cipakancilan River. [3] In Carita Parahiyangan, this Tarusbawa character is only called by his title: Tohaan in Sunda (Sundanese King). He became a Sundanese kings and ruled until 723 AD
Sunda as a royal name is recorded in two stone inscriptions found in Bogor and Sukabumi. The presence of the Jayabupati inscription in the Cibadak area had raised suspicions that the capital of the Sunda Kingdom was located in that area. But the allegation was not supported by other historical evidence. The contents of the inscription only mentions the prohibition of fishing in the Cicatih River which belongs to the Sanghiyang Tapak Kabuyutan area. Likewise, the presence of stones bearing the words Purnawarman in Pasir Muara and Pasir Koleangkak which does not indicate the location of the capital Tarumanagara.
Kalingga involvement
Because the crown prince died before Tarusbawa, the daughter of the crown prince (named Tejakancana) was adopted as the royal heir's son and heir. This daughter's husband is a great-grandson Wretikandayun named Rakeyan Jamri, who in 723 replaced Tarusbawa to become the 2nd King of Sunda. As the ruler of the Sunda Kingdom he was known by the name Prabu Harisdarma and after mastering the Galuh Kingdom was known by the name Sanjaya.
The mother of Sanjaya is SANAHA, the grandson of Ratu Shima from Kalingga, in Jepara. The father of Sanjaya is Bratasenawa / SENA / SANNA, the third Galuh King, a close friend of Tarusbawa. Sena was the grandson of Wretikandayun from his youngest son, Mandiminyak, the second king of Galuh (702-709 AD). Sena in 716 AD was coup from Galuh's throne by PURBASORA. Purbasora and Sena are actually one mother's siblings, but another father. Sena and her family escaped to Sundapura, the center of the Sunda Kingdom, and asked Tarusbawa for help. Very ironic indeed, Wretikandayun, Sena's grandfather, previously demanded Tarusbawa to separate Galuh Kingdom from Tarumanegara / Sunda Kingdom. In the future, Sanjaya, who was the successor to the legitimate kingdom of Galuh, attacked Galuh, with the help of Tarusbawa, to depose Purbasora. After that he became the King of the Sundanese Kingdom of Galuh.
As heir of the Kalingga Kingdom, Sanjaya became the ruler of North Kalingga called Bumi Mataram (Ancient Mataram) in 732 AD. The power in West Java was handed over to his son from Tejakencana, Tamperan Barmawijaya alias Rakeyan Panaraban. He is the half-brother Rakai Panangkaran, the son of Sanjaya from Sudiwara, daughter of Dewasinga Raja Kalingga Selatan or Bumi Sambara.
Jayabupati inscription
Fill the inscription
It has been revealed at the outset that the name Sunda as a kingdom is also explicit in the inscriptions found in the Sukabumi area. This inscription consists of 40 lines so it requires four (4) pieces of stone to write it. The four stone inscribed were found in the flow of the Cicatih River in the Cibadak area, Sukabumi. Three were found near the Bantar Muncang village, one was found near Pangcambat Village. The uniqueness of this inscription is arranged in Old Javanese letters and language. The four inscriptions are now stored in the Central Museum with code numbers D 73 (from Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. Fill in the first three stones (according to Pleyte):
D 73:
// O // Swasti shakawarsatita 952 karttikamasa tithi dwadashi shuklapa-ksa. Ha. ka. ra. color shade. irika diwasha nira prahajyan sunda ma-haraja shri jayabhupati jayamana-hen wisnumurtti samarawijaya shaka-labhuwanamandaleswaranindita harogowardhana wikra-mottunggadewa, ma-
D 96:
gaway tepek i purwa sanghyang tread ginaway denira shri jayabhupati prahajyan sunda. mwang tan hanani baryya baryya shila. irikang lwah tan pangalapa fish this time. Makahingan sanghyang tread wates kapujan i upstream, i sor makahingan it sanghyang tates wates kapujan i wungkalagong if I have cooked the pre-inscription pagagasy. really sapatha.
D 97:
Oath Denira Prahajyan Sunda. It's over.
Translation of the contents of the inscription, is as follows:
Congratulations In Saka year 952 Kartika month on the bright part of 12, Hariang day, Kaliwon, Sunday, Wuku Tambir. This is when Sundanese King Maharaja Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabuwanamandaleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramottunggadewa, made a sign east of Sanghiyang Tread. Made by Sri Jayabupati Raja Sunda. And do not violate this provision. In this river, don't (anyone) catch fish on this side of the river within the boundary of the Sanghyang Tapak worship area upstream. Downstream in the boundary of Sanghyang Tapak worship area on two large tree trunks. Then an inscription (edict) was made which was confirmed by Oath.
Inscription date
The date of making Jayabupati Inscription coincided with October 11, 1030. According to the Indonesian Archipelago Library, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati ruled for 12 years (952 - 964) saka (1030 -1042 AD). The contents of the inscription in every way shows the style of East Java. Not only letters, language and style, but also the title of a king who is similar to the title of a king in the Darmawangsa Palace. The Sri Jayabupati figure in Carita Parahiyangan is called by the name Prabu Detya Maharaja. He was the 20th king of Sunda after Maharaja Tarusbawa.
Cause of division
It has been revealed before, that the Sunda Kingdom is a fraction of Tarumanagara. The event occurred in 670 AD This is in line with Chinese news sources which state that the Tarumanagara envoy who last visited the country occurred in 669 AD Tarusbawa did indeed send an envoy informing his coronation to the Chinese Emperor in 669 AD He himself was crowned on the 9th the bright part of the month of Jesta in 591 Saka, roughly coinciding with May 18, 669 AD
Sanna and Purbasora
Tarusbawa was a good friend of Bratasenawa's eyebrow Sena (709 - 716 AD), the third Galuh King. This figure is also known as Sanna, the king of the Canggal Inscription (732 AD), as well as the uncle of Sanjaya. This friendship also encouraged Tarusbawa to take Sanjaya as his son-in-law. Bratasenawa alias Sanna or Sena was deposed from Galuh's throne by Purbasora in 716 AD Purbasora was the grandson of Wretikandayun from his eldest son, Batara Danghyang Guru Sempakwaja, founder of the Galunggung kingdom. While Sena was the grandson of Wretikandayun from his youngest son, Mandiminyak, the second Galuh king (702-709 AD).
Actually Purbasora and Sena are one mother's siblings because of the illicit relationship between Mandiminyak and Sempakwaja's wife. Sempakwaja's figure could not replace his father's position as the Galuh King because he was toothless. Meanwhile, a king must not have physical disabilities. For this reason, his youngest brother inherited the Galuh throne from Wretikandayun. But, Sempakwaja's son felt that he was still entitled to Galuh's throne. Moreover, the origins of the unfavorable King Sena have added to Purbasora's desire to usurp the Galuh throne from Sena.
Sanjaya and Balangantrang
Sanjaya, the daughter of Sena's sister Sannaha, intends to retaliate against Purbasora's family. For that he asked the help of Tarusbawa, Sena's best friend. His desire was carried out after becoming the King of Sunda who ruled on behalf of his wife.
Before that he had prepared special forces in the Sawal Mountain area with the help of Rabuyut Sawal, who was also a good friend of Sena. This special force was immediately led by Sanjaya, while Sundanese troops were led by Patih Anggada. The attack was carried out at night silently and suddenly. The entire Purbasora family died. The only ones who escaped were Purbasora's son-in-law, who became Patih Galuh, along with a handful of troops.
The patih was named Bimaraksa, better known as Ki Balangantrang because he was also a royal senapati. Balangantrang is also the grandson of Wretikandayun from the second son named Resi Guru Jantaka or Rahyang Kidul, who cannot replace Wretikandayun because of suffering from "kemir" or hernia. Balangantrang hid in the village of Gègèr Sunten and secretly gathered anti-Sanjaya forces. He received support from the kings in the Kuningan area and also the remnants of the Indraprahasta army, after the kingdom was also crushed by Sanjaya in retaliation for helping Purbasora overthrow Sena.
Sanjaya got a message from Sena, that except for Purbasora, other members of the Galuh palace family must remain respected. Sanjaya himself did not desire to be the ruler of Galuh. He carried out the attack just to remove his father's revenge. After defeating Purbasora, he immediately contacted his uwak, Sempakwaja, in Galunggung and asked him that Demunawan, Purbasora's younger brother, be approved as the ruler of Galuh. But Sempakwaja refused the request for fear that it would be Sanjaya's trick to eliminate Demunawan.
Premana, Pangrenyep and Tamperan
The appointment of Premana by Sanjaya is reasonable because he is Purbasora's grandson. In addition, his wife, Naganingrum, was the son of Ki Balangantrang. So the husband and wife represent the descendants of Sempakwaja and Jantaka, the first and second sons of Wretikandayun.
Premana and Naganingrum themselves have a son named Surotama alias Manarah (born 718 AD, so he was only 5 years old when Sanjaya attacked Galuh). Surotama or Manarah is known in classical Sundanese literature as Ciung Wanara. Later, Ki Bimaraksa alias Ki Balangantrang, great-grandmother from his mother, would unravel the sad story that befell his ancestral family and at the same time prepare Manarah to take revenge.
To tie Premana Dikusumah's loyalty to the central government in Pakuan, Sanjaya arranged this Galuh King with Dewi Pangrenyep, Anggada's daughter, Patih Sunda. Besides that Sanjaya appointed his son, Tamperan, as Patih Galuh while leading the Sundanese "garnizun" in the Galuh capital.
Premana Dikusumah accepted the position of King Galuh because of forced circumstances. He did not dare to refuse because Sanjaya had the same character as Purnawarman, being kind to the subordinate king who was loyal to him and at the same time was unforgiving towards his enemies. The refusal of Sempakwaja and Demunawan can still be accepted by Sanjaya because they belong to the older generation whom he must respect.
Premana's position is difficult, as King Galuh who is subordinate to the Sunda King, which means he must submit to Sanjaya who killed his grandfather. Because of such turmoil, he preferred to leave the palace to meditate near the Sunda border east of Citarum and at the same time leave his wife, Pangrenyep. He handed over the government affairs to Tamperan, Patih Galuh who also became Sanjaya's "eyes and ears". Tamperan inherits his great-grandmother's character, Mandiminyak who likes to make scandals. He was involved in a scandal with Pangrenyep, Premana's wife, and led to the birth of Kamarasa alias Banga (723 AD).
To erase traces of Tamperan to hire someone to kill Premana and at the same time be followed by other troops so that the Premana killer was killed too. All of these incidents apparently smelled by old senapati Ki Balangantrang.
Tamperan as king
In 732 AD Sanjaya inherited the throne of the Mataram Kingdom from his parents. Before he left the West Java region, he arranged the division of power between his son, Tamperan, and Demunawan Teacher's Receipts. Sunda and Galuh became the authority of Tamperan, while the Kuningan and Galunggung Kingdoms were ruled by Resi Guru Demunawan, the youngest son of Sempakwaja.
Thus Tamperan became the ruler of Sunda-Galuh to continue his father's position from 732 - 739 AD. Meanwhile Manarah alias Ciung Wanara secretly prepared a plan for the capture of the Galuh throne with the guidance of his great-grandfather, Ki Balangantrang, in Gunter Sunten. Apparently Tamperan neglected to watch this step child that he treated like his own child.
In accordance with the Balangantrang plan, the invasion of Galuh was carried out during the day to coincide with the cockfighting party. All royal authorities were present, including Banga. Manarah along with members of his squad were present at the arena as a hatcher. Balangantrang led Geger Sunten's troops to attack the palace.
The coup was successful in such a short time as events in 723 when Manarah succeeded in conquering Galuh in one night's time. The king and consort Pangrenyep including Banga can be held captive in cockfighting rinks. Banga is then left free. In the evening he managed to free Tamperan and Pangrenyep from detention.
Manarah and Banga
News of Tamperan's death was heard by Sanjaya who was then ruling in Mataram (Central Java), who then with a large army attacked the Galuh purasaba. But Manarah had guessed that so he had prepared an army which was also supported by remnants of the Indraprahasta army which at that time had changed its name to Wanagiri, and the kings in the Kuningan area that had been defeated by Sanjaya.
The great war of fellow descendants of Wretikandayun was finally resolved by Raja Resi Demunawan (born 646 AD, when he was 93 years old). In the negotiations at the Galuh palace an agreement was reached: Galuh was handed over to Manarah and Sunda to Banga. Thus through this 739 Galuh agreement, Sunda and Galuh which during the period 723 - 739 were in one power split again. In the agreement it was also determined that Banga would be a subordinate king. Although Banga was not happy, he accepted the position. He himself felt that he could live on Manarah's kindness.
To strengthen the agreement, Manarah and Banga were set up with the two great-grandchildren of Demunawan. Manarah as the ruler of Galuh was entitled Prabu Jayaprakosa Mandaleswara Salakabuana married Kancanawangi. Banga as the King of Sunda held the title Prabu Kretabuana Yasawiguna Aji Mulya and was paired with Kancanasari, Kancanawangi's sister.
Sundanese and Galuh descendants later
Old manuscripts from the district of Ciburuy, Bayongbong, Garut, written in the 13th or 14th century, reported that Rakeyan Banga had built the Pakuan moat. This was done in preparation for establishing himself as an independent king. He fought 20 years before succeeding in becoming a recognized ruler to the west of Citarum and free from his position as the king of subordinates of Galuh. He reigned 27 years (739-766).
In chronicle texts, the position of Manarah and Banga is often confused. Not only in terms of age, where Banga was considered older, but also in their placement as king. In old texts, the lineage of the kings of Pakuan always starts with the Banga figure. The genealogical chaos and position placement began to appear in the Carita Waruga Guru script, written in the mid-18th century. The most striking mistake in the chronicle is the story of Banga who is considered the founder of the Majapahit kingdom. In fact, Majapahit was only founded by Raden Wijaya in 1293, 527 years after Banga died.
Manarah's offspring broke up only until his great-grandson named Prabulinggabumi (813 - 852). Galuh's throne was handed over to her sister's husband, Rakeyan Wuwus alias Prabu Gajah Kulon (819 - 891), Banga great-grandson who became the 8th King of Sunda (counted from Tarusbawa). Since 852, the two kingdoms of the Tarumanagara fraction were ruled by Banga descendants; as a result of marriage between the relatives of the Sundanese, Galuh, and Kuningan (Saunggalah) kraton.
Relationship between Sundanese Galuh and Sriwijaya
Sri Jayabupati whose inscriptions discussed above were the 20th King Sunda. He is the son of Sanghiyang Ageng (1019 - 1030 AD). His mother was a Srivijaya princess and still a close relative of King Wurawuri. The consort of Sri Jayabupati was the daughter of Dharmawangsa, king of Medang Kingdom, and sister of Dewi Laksmi, wife of Airlangga. Because of the marriage Jayabupati received the title award from his in-laws, Dharmawangsa. That title is included in the Cibadak inscription.
Relationship with the founding of Majapahit
Prabu Guru Darmasiksa Prabu Sanghyang Wisnu has a crown prince Rakeyan Jayadarma, and is domiciled in Pakuan. According to the Rajya Rajya Library i Bhumi Nusantara parwa II sarga 3, Rakeyan Jayadarma is the son-in-law of Mahisa Campaka in East Java, because he is married to his daughter named Dyah Lembu Tal. Mahisa Campaka is the son of Mahisa Wong Ateleng, who is the son of Ken Angrok and Ken Dedes from the Singhasari Kingdom.
Rakeyan Jayadarma and Dyah Lembu Tal were the sons of Sang Nararya Sanggramawijaya, or better known as Raden Wijaya who was said to have been born in Pakuan. In other words, Raden Wijaya is the 4th derivative of Ken Angrok and Ken Dedes. Because Jayadarma died at a young age, Lembu Tal was not willing to stay longer in Pakuan. Finally, Raden Wijaya and his mother returned to East Java.
In the Babad Tanah Jawi Raden Wijaya is also called Jaka Susuruh from Pasundan. As a descendant of Jayadarma, he is the legitimate successor to the throne of the Sunda-Galuh Kingdom, namely when Prabu Guru Darmasiksa Prabu Sanghyang Wisnu died. Jayadarma's death vacated the crown prince's position, because Raden Wijaya was in East Java and later became the first king of Majapahit.
List of Sundanese kings Galuh
Sundanese kings to Sri Jayabupati
Below is the order of the Sundanese kings to Sri Jayabupati, totaling 20 people:
Sundanese kings to Sri Jayabupati
| No | Raja | Masa pemerintahan | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maharaja Tarusbawa | 669-723 | |
| 2 | Sanjaya Harisdarma | 723-732 | cucu-menantu no. 1 |
| 3 | Tamperan Barmawijaya | 732-739 | |
| 4 | Rakeyan Banga | 739-766 | |
| 5 | Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang | 766-783 | |
| 6 | Prabu Gilingwesi | 783-795 | menantu no. 5 |
| 7 | Pucukbumi Darmeswara | 795-819 | menantu no. 6 |
| 8 | Prabu Gajah Kulon Rakeyan Wuwus | 819-891 | |
| 9 | Prabu Darmaraksa | 891-895 | adik-ipar no. 8 |
| 10 | Windusakti Prabu Dewageng | 895-913 | |
| 11 | Rakeyan Kemuning Gading Prabu Pucukwesi | 913-916 | |
| 12 | Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Wanayasa | 916-942 | menantu no. 11 |
| 13 | Prabu Resi Atmayadarma Hariwangsa | 942-954 | |
| 14 | Limbur Kancana | 954-964 | anak no. 11 |
| 15 | Prabu Munding Ganawirya | 964-973 | |
| 16 | Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung | 973-989 | |
| 17 | Prabu Brajawisesa | 989-1012 | |
| 18 | Prabu Dewa Sanghyang | 1012-1019 | |
| 19 | Prabu Sanghyang Ageng | 1019-1030 | |
| 20 | Prabu Detya Maharaja Sri Jayabupati | 1030-1042 |
Note: Except for Tarusbawa (no. 1), Banga (no. 4), and Darmeswara (no. 7) who only ruled in the western region of the Citarum River, the other kings ruled in Sunda and Galuh.
The Kings of Galuh to Prabu Gajah Kulon
Below is the order of the kings of Galuh to Prabu Gajah Kulon, totaling 13 people
The Kings of Galuh to Prabu Gajah Kulon
| No | Raja | Masa pemerintahan | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wretikandayun | 670-702 | |
| 2 | Rahyang Mandiminyak | 702-709 | |
| 3 | Rahyang Bratasenawa | 709-716 | |
| 4 | Rahyang Purbasora | 716-723 | sepupu no. 3 |
| 5 | Sanjaya Harisdarma | 723-724 | anak no. 3 |
| 6 | Adimulya Premana Dikusuma | 724-725 | cucu no. 4 |
| 7 | Tamperan Barmawijaya | 725-739 | anak no. 5 |
| 8 | Manarah | 739-783 | anak no. 6 |
| 9 | Guruminda Sang Minisri | 783-799 | menantu no. 8 |
| 10 | Prabhu Kretayasa Dewakusalesywara Sang Triwulan | 799-806 | |
| 11 | Sang Walengan | 806-813 | |
| 12 | Prabu Linggabumi | 813-852 | |
| 13 | Prabu Gajah Kulon Rakeyan Wuwus | 819-891 | ipar no. 12 |
Note: Sanjaya Harisdarma (no. 5) and Tamperan Barmawijaya (no. 7) were in power in Sunda and Galuh. The reunification of the two kingdoms of Sunda and Galuh was carried out again by Prabu Gajah Kulon (no. 13).
Sunda-Galuh kings after Sri Jayabupati
Below is the order of the Sunda-Galuh kings after Sri Jayabupati, who numbered 14 people:
Sunda-Galuh kings after Sri Jayabupati
Below is the order of the Sunda-Galuh kings after Sri Jayabupati, who numbered 14 people:
Sunda-Galuh kings after Sri Jayabupati
| No | Raja | Masa pemerintahan | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Darmaraja | 1042-1065 | |
| 2 | Langlangbumi | 1065-1155 | |
| 3 | Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Ménakluhur | 1155-1157 | |
| 4 | Darmakusuma | 1157-1175 | |
| 5 | Darmasiksa Prabu Sanghyang Wisnu | 1175-1297 | |
| 6 | Ragasuci | 1297-1303 | |
| 7 | Citraganda | 1303-1311 | |
| 8 | Prabu Linggadéwata | 1311-1333 | |
| 9 | Prabu Ajiguna Linggawisésa | 1333-1340 | menantu no. 8 |
| 10 | Prabu Ragamulya Luhurprabawa | 1340-1350 | |
| 11 | Prabu Maharaja Linggabuanawisésa | 1350-1357 | tewas dalam Perang Bubat |
| 12 | Prabu Bunisora | 1357-1371 | paman no. 13 |
| 13 | Prabu Niskala Wastu Kancana | 1371-1475 | anak no. 11 |
| 14 | Prabu Susuktunggal | 1475-1482 |
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