Sultanate of Peureulak 840 AD to 1292 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - The Peureulak Sultanate is an Islamic kingdom in Indonesia that rules around the Peureulak region,

East Aceh, Aceh is now mentioned between 840 and 1292. [citation needed] Perlak or Peureulak is famous as a producing area for perlak wood, a very good type of wood for shipbuilding, and hence this area is known as Negeri Perlak.

Its natural products and strategic position made Perlak develop as an advanced trading port in the 8th century, visited by ships originating from Arab and Persian.

This led to the development of the Islamic community in this area, especially as a result of intermarriage between Muslim merchants and local women.

Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Peureulak
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Sultanate of Ternate 1257 to 1950 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - The Sultanate of Ternate, also known as the Kingdom of Gapi, is one of the 4 Islamic empires in the Maluku Islands and is one of the oldest Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago.

It was founded by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257. The Sultanate of Ternate had an important role in the eastern archipelago between the 13th century to the 19th century.

The Sultanate of Ternate enjoyed glory in the middle of the 16th century thanks to its spice trade and military strength.

During his heyday his authority stretched to cover the regions of Maluku, northern, eastern and central Sulawesi, the southern part of the Philippine islands to as far as the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.

Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Ternate

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Sultanate of Samudra Pasai 1267 to 1521 AD

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - The Pasai Sultanate, also known as the Samudera Darussalam, or Samudera Pasai, is an Islamic kingdom located on the northern coast of Sumatra, more or less around Lhokseumawe City and North Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

There is not so much archeological evidence about this kingdom to be used as material for historical studies. However, some historians began to trace the existence of this kingdom sourced from the Story of the Kings of Pasai, and this is associated with several royal tombs and the discovery of coins made of gold and silver with the name of the king listed.

This kingdom was founded by Marah Silu, who was titled Sultan Malik as-Saleh, around 1267. The existence of this kingdom was also listed in the book Rihlah ila l-Masyriq (Wandering to the East) by Abu Abdullah ibn Batuthah (1304–1368), a Moroccan traveler who stopped in this country in 1345. The Pasai Sultanate finally collapsed after the Ihsan invasion of Portugal in 1521.

Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_Samudera_Pasai
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The Sultanate of Pagaruyung 1347 s 1825 AD

Istano Basa

Jakarta (DreamLandLibrary) - The kingdom of Pagaruyung is a kingdom that once stood in Sumatra, its territory is in the province of West Sumatra now.

The name of this kingdom is referred to from the name of the tree Nibung or Ruyung, besides that it can also be referred to from the inscription of the Sultan Mohammad Tangkal Alam Bagagar from Pagaruyung, namely in the Jawi script in the inner circle which reads as follows: Sulthān Tunggal Alam Bagagar ibnu Sulthān Khalīfatullāh which has domestic royal throne Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār Johan Sovereign Zhillullāh fīl 'Ālam.

Unfortunately, the seal of the figure is not written down in the number of years of his reign. This kingdom collapsed during the Padri War, after the signing of an agreement between the Indigenous Peoples and the Dutch that made the Pagaruyung Kingdom under Dutch supervision.

Previously this kingdom was incorporated in Malayapura, a kingdom which in the Amoghapasa Inscription was said to be led by Adityawarman, who established himself as the ruler of Bhumi Malayu in Suwarnabhumi. Also included in Malayapura are the Dharmasraya kingdoms and several other Adityawarman-conquered kingdoms or areas.

Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K kingdom_Pagaruyung

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Kesultanan Malaka 1405 M s/d 1511 M

Kampung Hulu Malaka Mosque, silent witness to the history of the Malacca Sultanate (one of the oldest mosques in the Malacca State, Malaysia)

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - Sultanate of Melaka is a Malay Kingdom that once stood in Melaka, Malaysia. This kingdom was founded by Parameswara, then reached the peak of glory in the 15th century by controlling the Melaka Strait shipping lane, before it was conquered by Portugal in 1511. The fall of Malacca became the entrance for European colonialism in the Nusantara region.

This kingdom does not leave sufficient archaeological evidence to be used as historical study material, but the existence of this kingdom can be known through Sulalatus Salatin and Chinese chronicles during the Ming Dynasty.

The comparison of these two sources still creates complexity for Malacca's early history, especially its relationship to the development of Islam in Malacca and the time span of the respective governments of Malacca kings. At first Islam had not become a religion for the people of Malacca, but the subsequent development of Islam had become part of this kingdom which was shown by the title of sultan carried by the next ruler of Malacca.

Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Melaka
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Sultanate of Aceh - 1496 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam is an Islamic empire that once stood in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. The Sultanate of Aceh is located in the north of the island of Sumatra with the capital city of Kutaraja (Banda Aceh) with its first sultan Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah who was crowned on Sunday, 1 Jumadil beginning 913 H or on 8 September 1507. In its long history (1496 - 1903 ), Aceh has carved out its past with such a magnificent and amazing, especially because of its ability to develop military education patterns and systems, its commitment in opposing European imperialism, a system of orderly and systematic governance, realizing centers of scientific study, to its ability to establish diplomatic relations with other countries. 

History
Main article: History of Aceh

The beginning
The Sultanate of Aceh was founded by Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah in 1496. Initially this kingdom stood on the territory of the Kingdom of Lamuri, then subdued and united several surrounding kingdoms including Daya, Pedir, Lidie, Nakur. Furthermore, in 1524 the Pasai region had become part of the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate followed by Aru.

In 1528, Ali Mughayat Syah was succeeded by his eldest son Salahuddin, who later ruled until 1537. Then Salahuddin was succeeded by Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahar who was in power until 1568. [2]

Heyday
The Sultanate of Aceh experienced a golden period during the leadership of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607 - 1636). During his leadership, Aceh had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese forces from the Malacca Strait. This incident is described in La Grand Encyclopedie that in 1582, the Acehnese had expanded its influence over the Sunda islands (Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan) and on some of the Malay Peninsula land. Besides that, Aceh also had diplomatic relations with all the nations that sailed the Indian Ocean. In 1586, the Aceh sultanate attacked the Portuguese in Melaka with a fleet of 500 warships and 60,000 sea troops. This attack was in an effort to expand the dominance of Aceh over the Straits of Malacca and the Malay peninsula. Although Aceh succeeded in besieging Malacca from all directions, this attack failed due to a conspiracy between the Portuguese and the Pahang sultanate.

In the field of fostering literature and religious knowledge, Aceh has given birth to a number of well-known scholars, whose writing becomes the main reference in their respective fields, such as Hamzah Fansuri in his book Tabyan Fi Ma'rifati al-U Adyan, Syamsuddin al-Sumatrani in his book Mi ' raj al-Muhakikin al-Iman, Nuruddin Al-Raniri in his book Sirat al-Mustaqim, and Sheikh Abdul Rauf Singkili in his book Mi'raj al-Tulabb Fi Fashil

Setback

The decline of the Sultanate of Aceh began since the departure of Sultan Iskandar Tsani in 1641. The decline of Aceh was caused by several factors, including the strengthening of Dutch power on the island of Sumatra and the Straits of Malacca, marked by the fall of the Minangkabau, Siak, Tapanuli and Mandailing, Deli and Bengkulu regions into Dutch colonial lap. Another important factor is the struggle for power among the imperial heirs.

The London Treaty signed in 1824 gave the Dutch power to control all British / British territories in Sumatra while the Dutch would surrender all of their trading power in India and also promised not to compete with the British / British to take control of Singapore.

At the end of November 1871, the so-called Sumatran Treaty was born, which stated clearly "Britain must free itself from any demonstrations of extending Dutch power in any part of Sumatra. The restrictions on the London Treaty of 1824 on Aceh were canceled." Since then, efforts to invade Aceh were increasingly widely voiced, both from the Netherlands and Batavia. After fighting for 40 years, the Sultanate of Aceh finally fell and was combined as part of the Dutch East Indies country. In 1942 the Dutch East Indies government fell under Japanese rule. In 1945, Japan was defeated by the Allies, so the leaders of the independence movement in the capital of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) immediately proclaimed Indonesian independence in 1945, Aceh declared willing to join the Republic of Indonesia at the invitation and persuasion of Sukarno to the Aceh leader Sultan Muhammad Daud Beureueh at that time [citation needed].

The Aceh War

The Aceh war began since the Netherlands declared war on Aceh on March 26, 1873 after carrying out several diplomatic threats, but did not succeed in seizing large areas. The war flared up again in 1883, but again failed, and in 1892 and 1893, the Dutch considered that they had failed to take Aceh.

In 1896 Dr. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, an Islamic expert from the University of Leiden who had succeeded in gaining the trust of many Acehnese leaders, gave advice to the Dutch to embrace the ulemas, and respect the sultan. This suggestion was successful. In 1898, Governor General Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz was declared the governor of Aceh, got the rank of Tuanku Tijan, and together with his deputy, Hendrikus Colijn, who got the rank of Tuanku Niman to organize Aceh.

In 1903 Sultan Muhammad Daud finally surrendered to the Netherlands after his two wives, children and mother were first captured by the Dutch. The Sultanate of Aceh was finally in the dark in 1904. At that time, almost all of Aceh had been captured by the Dutch.

Sultan of Aceh

The Sultan of Aceh is the ruler / king of the Sultanate of Aceh, not only the sultan, in Aceh there is also a Sultanah / Sultan Wanita. The list of Sultan who has ruled in Aceh can be seen further in the main article from the Sultan of Aceh.

Sultanate tradition

Degree

    Teungku

    My lord

    Teuku

    Cut

    Admiral

    Commander Sagoe

    Uleebalang

    Meurah

Reference

Source

    ^ Sejarah Kerajaan Aceh di MelayuOnline.com

    ^ Sumatra and the Malay peninsula, 16th century

Further reading

    LOMBARD, Denys. Kerajaan Aceh: Zaman Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636). Jakarta: Kepustakan Populer Gramedia, 2006. ISBN 979-9100-49-6 ulasan di ruangbaca.com ulasan di pdat.co.id

    REID, Anthony. Asal Usul Konflik Aceh: Dari Perebutan Pantai Timur Sumatra hingga Akhir Kerajaan Aceh Abad ke-19. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005. ISBN 979-461-534-X

    REID, Anthony. An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese & Other Histories of Sumatra. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2005. ulasan oleh Taufik Abdullah di Kompas

External links

    (Indonesia) Sejarah bertinta emas pernah terukir di Bumi Aceh

    (Indonesia) Sejarah Islam di Indonesia di swaramuslim.net

    (Indonesia) Sedikit Bercerita tentang Atjeh

    (Indonesia) Sejarah Kerajaan Aceh di MelayuOnline.com

    (Inggris) Bendera-bendera yang digunakan oleh Kesultanan Aceh

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh Sultanate

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Luwu Sultanate - 901 AD

Jakarta (Dreamland Library) - The Luwu Sultanate (also spelled Luwuq, Wareq, Luwok, Luwu ') was the oldest Bugis kingdom, in 1889, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies in Makassar stated that the heyday of Luwu was between the 10th to 14th centuries, but there was no further proof.

Luwu together with Wewang Nriwuk and Tompotikka are the first three Bugis kingdoms listed in the epic I La Galigo, a work of the Bugis. However, I La Galigo cannot be fully accepted as a historical text because it is filled with myths, so the existence of these kingdoms is questioned. The center of this kingdom is located in Malangke which is now the area of ​​North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K kingdom_Luwu
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Sultanate of Banten - 1526 AD

Tanjung Lesung (Dreamland Library) - Banten Sultanate is an Islamic empire that once stood in Banten Province, Indonesia. It began around 1526, when the Demak Kingdom expanded its influence to the west coast of Java Island, by conquering several port areas and later making it a military base and area trading.

Maulana Hasanuddin, son of Sunan Gunung Jati played a role in the conquest. After the conquest, Maulana Hasanuddin established a fortress called Surosowan, which later became the center of government after Banten became a stand-alone sultanate.

For almost 3 centuries the Sultanate of Banten was able to survive and even achieve extraordinary glory, which at the same time invaders from Europe had arrived and instilled its influence. Civil war, and competition with global forces over resources and trade, and dependence on weapons has weakened the hegemony of the Sultanate of Banten over its territory. The political power of the Sultanate of Banten finally collapsed in 1813 after the Surosowan Palace as a symbol of power in the City of Diamond was destroyed, and in the final period of its reign, the Banten sultans were no more than subordinate kings of the colonial government in the Dutch East Indies.

Initial Formation
Initially the Banten region, also known as the Girang Banten, was part of the Sunda Kingdom. The arrival of Demak Kingdom troops under the leadership of Maulana Hasanuddin to the region in addition to expanding the region also at the same time spreading Islamic da'wah. Then triggered by the Sunda-Portugal cooperation in the economic and political fields, this was considered to endanger the position of the Kingdom of Demak after their defeat expelled Portugal from Melaka in 1513. On the orders of Trenggana, together with Fatahillah carried out the attack and conquest of the Coconut Port around 1527, which at that time it was still the main port of the Sunda Kingdom. 

Besides starting to build a stronghold in Banten, Maulana Hasanuddin also continued expanding power to pepper-producing areas in Lampung. He was instrumental in spreading Islam in the region, besides that he also had trade contacts with the king of Malangkabu (Minangkabau, Inderapura Kingdom), Sultan Munawar Syah and was awarded a kris by the king. 

Along with the decline of Demak especially after the death of Trenggana, [6] Banten which was previously vazal from the Demak Kingdom, began to break away and become an independent kingdom. Maulana Yusuf, son of Maulana Hasanuddin, ascended the throne in 1570 [7] continued the expansion of Banten into the Sundanese interior by conquering Pakuan Pajajaran in 1579. Then he was succeeded by his son Maulana Muhammad, who tried to conquer Palembang in 1596 as part of Banten's efforts in narrowing the Banten movement Portugal in the archipelago, but failed because he died in the conquest.

During the time of Prince Ratu, son of Maulana Muhammad, he became the first king on Java to take the title "Sultan" in 1638 with the Arabic name Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir. During this time the Sultan of Banten had begun to intensively engage in diplomatic relations with other forces at the time, one of the letters known to the Sultan of Banten to the King of England, James I in 1605 and in 1629 to Charles I.

The peak of glory
The Sultanate of Banten is a maritime kingdom and relies on trade to support its economy. The monopoly over the pepper trade in Lampung placed Banten rulers at the same time as intermediaries and the Sultanate of Banten developed rapidly, becoming one of the important trading centers at that time. [9] Sea trade expanded throughout the archipelago, Banten becoming a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by British, Danish and Chinese, Banten traded with Persians, Indians, Siamese, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Chinese and Japanese. 

The era of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (enthroned 1651-1682) was seen as the heyday of Banten. Under him, Banten had an impressive fleet, built on the European example, and also had hired Europeans to work in the Sultanate of Banten. In securing its shipping lane Banten also sent its fleet to Sukadana or the Kingdom of Tanjungpura (present-day West Kalimantan) and conquered it in 1661. During this time Banten also tried to escape the pressure imposed by the VOC, which had previously carried out a blockade of merchant ships bound for Banten.

Civil War
Around 1680 a dispute arose in the Sultanate of Banten, due to the struggle for power and conflict between Sultan Ageng and his son Sultan Haji. This division was exploited by Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) who provided support to Sultan Haji, so that a civil war was inevitable. While in strengthening his position, Sultan Haji or Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar also had sent 2 of his envoys, to meet the King of England in London in 1682 to get support and weapons assistance. [1] In this war Sultan Ageng was forced to retreat from his palace and move to an area called Tirtayasa, but on December 28, 1682 this area was also controlled by Sultan Haji along with the VOC. Sultan Ageng along with his other sons Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf from Makassar retreated south inland Sunda. But on March 14, 1683 Sultan Ageng was captured and then detained in Batavia.

While the VOC continued to pursue and break the resistance of followers of Sultan Ageng who was still in the leadership of Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On 5 May 1683, the VOC sent Untung Surapati, who was a lieutenant and his Balinese troops, to join forces led by Lieutenant Johannes Maurits van Happel to subdue the Pamotan and Dayeuh Luhur areas, where on 14 December 1683 they succeeded in capturing Sheikh Yusuf. [14] Meanwhile, after being pressed, Prince Purbaya finally gave himself up. Then Untung Surapati was ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to fetch Prince Purbaya, and on their way to bring Prince Purbaya to Batavia, they met with VOC troops led by Willem Kuffeler, but a dispute broke out between them, the peak was on January 28, 1684, the Willem Kuffeler army post destroyed, and next Untung Surapati and his followers became a VOC fugitive. While Prince Purbaya himself only arrived on 7 February 1684 in Batavia.

Decrease
VOC assistance and support to Sultan Haji must be paid by giving compensation to the VOC among them on March 12, 1682, the Lampung region was handed over to the VOC, as stated in Sultan Haji's letter to Major Issac de Saint Martin, Admiral VOC ship in Batavia which was anchored in Banten . The letter was later corroborated by an agreement letter dated August 22, 1682 which made the VOC obtain the monopoly rights to the pepper trade in Lampung.  Besides that, based on the agreement dated April 17, 1684, Sultan Haji also had to compensate the losses caused by the war to the VOC. 

After the death of Sultan Haji in 1687, the VOC began to seize its influence in the Sultanate of Banten, so that the appointment of the Banten sultans had to obtain the approval of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya was appointed to replace Sultan Haji but only reigned for about three years, subsequently replaced by his brother Prince Adipati with the title Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin and later also known as Kang Sinuhun ing Nagari Banten.

The civil war that took place in Banten left behind the instability of the next government. Conflict between the descendants of the Banten authorities [18] as well as the Banten people's dissatisfaction turmoil, over the intervention of the VOC in Banten affairs. Popular resistance peaked again at the end of the reign of Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin, including the resistance of Ratu Bagus Buang and Kyai Tapa. As a result of the prolonged conflict the Sultan of Banten again asked the VOC for help in reducing some of the resistance of his people so that since 1752 Banten had become a Vassal of the VOC.

Abolition of the empire
In 1808 Herman Willem Daendels, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies 1808-1810, ordered the construction of the Post Road to defend the island of Java from British invasion. [19] Daendels ordered the Sultan of Banten to move his capital to Anyer and provide manpower to build a port that was planned to be built in Ujung Kulon. The Sultan refused Daendels orders, in response Daendels ordered the attack on Banten and the destruction of Surosowan Palace. The Sultan and his family were held in Puri Intan (Surosowan Palace) and then imprisoned in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin was then exiled and exiled to Batavia. On November 22, 1808, Daendels announced from his headquarters in Serang that the territory of the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of the Dutch East Indies. 

The Banten Sultanate was officially abolished in 1813 by the British colonial government. In that year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin was stripped of and forced to abdicate by Thomas Stamford Raffles. This event was the final blow which ended the history of the Sultanate of Banten.

Religion
Based on archaeological data, the early days of the Banten people were influenced by several kingdoms carrying Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, such as Tarumanagara, Srivijaya and the Sunda Kingdom.

In the Banten Chronicle tells how Sunan Gunung Jati together with Maulana Hasanuddin, carried out an intensive spread of Islam to the Banten Girang ruler and his inhabitants. Some mystical stories also accompany the process of islamization in Banten, including when during Maulana Yusuf began to spread propaganda to the inhabitants of the Sundanese interior, which was marked by the conquest of Pakuan Pajajaran.

Islam became the pillar of the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, the Sultan of Banten was referred to as having a genealogy to the Prophet Muhammad, and placing the ulamas to have a great influence in the lives of their people, as well as the tarekat and Sufism also developed in Banten. While the culture of society absorbs Islam as an inseparable part. Some traditions are influenced by the development of Islam in society, as seen in Debus's martial arts.

Kadi played an important role in the government of the Sultanate of Banten, in addition to being responsible for settling people's disputes in religious courts, as well as in upholding Islamic law such as hudud. 

Religious tolerance in Banten has developed well. Although dominated by Muslims, certain communities were allowed to build their worship facilities, where around 1673 there were already a number of temples in the area around the port of Banten.

Population
The progress of the Sultanate of Banten was supported by a large population and multi-ethnicity. Starting from Java, Sundanese and Malay. While other ethnic groups in the archipelago with a significant number include Makassar, Bugis and Bali.

From several European sources mentioned around 1672, in Banten there are estimated to be between 100 000 to 200 000 men who are ready to fight, other sources say, that in Banten can be recruited as many as 10 000 people who are ready to bear arms. But from the most reliable source, the Dagh Register- (16.1.1673) mentions from the VOC census conducted in 1673, it is estimated that residents in the city of Banten capable of using spears or rifles number around 55 000 people. If the entire population is counted, whatever their nationality, it is estimated that there are around 150 000 residents, including women, children and the elderly.

Around 1676 thousands of Chinese people sought asylum and worked in Banten. This wave of migration was the result of the war in Fujian and in other parts of South China. These communities generally build settlements around the coast and rivers and have a significant proportion compared to Indian and Arab communities. While in Banten several European community groups such as Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark and Portugal have also built accommodations and warehouses around Ci Banten.

Economy
In laying the foundation of Banten's economic development, in addition to trade for the coastal areas, inland areas the opening of rice fields was introduced. This assumption developed because at that time in some remote areas such as Lebak, the economy of the community was supported by cultivation activities, as interpreted from the karhian scriptures sanghyang narrating the terms pahuma (cultivators), summoners (hunters) and panyadap (tappers). These three terms are clearly more about the field system, as well as the name of the equipment such as cleaver, patik, baliung, kored and tapping.

During the time of Sultan Ageng between 1663 and 1667 large irrigation works were carried out to develop agriculture. Between 30 and 40 km new canals were built using 16,000 people. Along the canal, between 30 and 40 000 thousand hectares of new rice fields and thousands of hectares of coconut plantations were planted. 30 000 farmers were placed on the land, including Bugis and Makasarese. Sugar cane plantations, which were imported by Chinese merchants in the 1620s, were developed. Under Sultan Ageng, the development of Banten's population increased significantly. 

It cannot be denied until 1678, Banten had become a metropolitan city, with its population and wealth making Banten one of the largest cities in the world at that time. 

Government
After Banten emerged as an independent kingdom, its rulers used the title Sultan, while in the palace circle there were the titles Pangeran Ratu, Pangeran Adipati, Pangeran Gusti, and Prince Anom who were carried by the heirs. In the Banten government there was someone with the titles Mangkubumi, Kadi, Patih and Syahbandar who had a role in government administration. While in Banten there is a group of nobles who are dubbed with tubagus (Ratu Bagus), queen or sayyid, and other special groups who get a special position are composed of scholars, civil servants, and champions.

The center of Banten government is between two rivers namely Ci Banten and Ci Karangantu. In the area a market, a square and Surosowan Palace were once surrounded by walls and a moat, while in the north of the palace the Banten Grand Mosque was built with a lighthouse-shaped tower which probably also functioned as a watchtower to see the arrival of ships in Banten.

Based on the History of Banten, the location of the main market in Banten is between the Great Mosque of Banten and Ci Banten, and is known by the name Kapalembangan. While in the area of ​​the square there is a paseban used by the Sultan of Banten as a place to convey information to his people. Overall the design of the city of Banten is rectangular which is influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist concept or representation known as the mandala. Besides that in the city area there are several villages that represent certain ethnicities, such as Kampong Pekojan (Persia) and Kampong Chinatown.

The Sultanate of Banten has imposed excise tax on ships that go to Banten, the excise tax collection was carried out by Syahbandar who was in an area called Customs. One famous syahbandar at the time of Sultan Ageng was named Syahbandar Kaytsu.

List of Banten rulers
Maulana Hasanuddin or Pangeran Sabakingkin 1552-1570
    Maulana Yusuf or Pangeran Pasareyan 1570 - 1585
    Maulana Muhammad or Pangeran Tengahrana 1585 - 1596
    Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir or Prince Ratu 1596 - 1647
    Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad 1647 - 1651
    Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa or Sultan Abu al-Fath Abdul Fattah 1651-1682
    Sultan Haji or Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar 1683 - 1687
    Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya 1687 - 1690
    Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin 1690 - 1733
    Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin 1733-1747
    Ratu Syarifah Fatimah 1747 - 1750
    Sultan Arif Zainul Asyiqin al-Qadiri 1753 - 1773
    Sultan Abul Mafakhir Muhammad Aliuddin 1773 - 1799
    Sultan Abul Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1799 - 1803
    Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin 1803 - 1808
    Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1809-1813

Historical heritage
After the abolition of the Sultanate of Banten, the Banten region became part of the colonization zone. During the Dutch East Indies government, in 1817 Banten was made a residency, and since 1926 the area has been part of the West Java Province. The triumph of the past of the Sultanate of Banten inspired its people to turn the area of ​​Banten back into an autonomous region, the reform of the Indonesian government played a role in pushing the Banten region as a separate province which was then determined through Law Number 23 of 2000.

In addition, the Banten community has become a separate ethnic group that is colored by the inter-ethnic mix that had existed during the heyday of the Sultanate of Banten, and this diversity has made the Banten community as one of the dominant forces in the archipelago.

Reference
    ^ a b c Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.
    ^ Uka Tjandrasasmita, (2009), Arkeologi Islam Nusantara, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, ISBN 979-9102-12-X.
    ^ From Valentijn, Beschrijving van Groot Djava, ofte Java Major, Amsterdam, 1796. Ludwig Bachhofer, India Antiqua (1947:280) notes that Valentijn had been in Banten in 1694.
    ^ Sejarah Cirebon, PT. Balai Pustaka.
    ^ Titik Pudjiastuti, (2000), Sadjarah Banten: suntingan teks dan terjemahan disertai tinjauan aksara dan amanat.
    ^ Fernão Mendes Pinto, Rebecca Catz, (1989), The travels of Mendes Pinto, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-66951-3.
    ^ Hasan Muarif Ambary, Jacques Dumarçay, (1990), The Sultanate of Banten, Gramedia Book Pub. Division, ISBN 979-403-922-5.
    ^ Keat Gin Ooi, (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
    ^ Heriyanti Ongkodharma Untoro, (2007), Kapitalisme pribumi awal kesultanan Banten, 1522-1684: kajian arkeologi-ekonomi, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya UI, ISBN 979-8184-85-8.
    ^ Yoneo Ishii, (1998), The junk trade from Southeast Asia: translations from the Tôsen fusetsu-gaki, 1674-1723, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 981-230-022-8.
    ^ Nana Supriatna, Sejarah, PT Grafindo Media Pratama, ISBN 979-758-601-4.
    ^ a b Hasan Muarif Ambary, Jacques Dumarçay, (1990), The Sultanate of Banten, Gramedia Book Pub. Division, ISBN 979-403-922-5.
    ^ a b c d Atsushi Ota, (2006), Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java: society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750-1830, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-15091-9.
    ^ Azyumardi Azra, (2004), The origins of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia: networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulamā' in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-2848-8.
    ^ Ann Kumar, (1976), Surapati: man and legend : a study of three Babad traditions, Brill Archive, ISBN 90-04-04364-0.
    ^ Amir Hendarsah, Cerita Kerajaan Nusantara, Great! Publisher, ISBN 602-8696-14-5.
    ^ Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia, PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-409-8
    ^ Atsushi Ota, Banten Rebellion, 1750-1752: Factors behind the Mass Participation, Modern Asian Studies (2003), 37: 613-651, DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X03003044.
    ^ Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas. Penerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia. 1 November 2008. hlm. 1–2. ISBN 978-979-709-391-4.
    ^ Sartono Kartodirdjo, (1966), The peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888: Its conditions, course and sequel. A case study of social movements in Indonesia, Martinus Nijhoff.
    ^ R. B. Cribb, A. Kahin, (2004), Historical dictionary of Indonesia, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4935-6.
    ^ Euis Nurlaelawati, (2010), Modernization, tradition and identity: the Kompilasi hukum Islam and legal practice in the Indonesian religious courts, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 90-8964-088-6.
    ^ a b Claude Guillot, Banten in 1678, Indonesia, Volume 57 (1994), 89-114.

Library
    Hussein Jayadiningrat, Critische Beschouwing van de Sadjarah-Banten, Disertasi Doktor, 3 Mei 1913, Universitas Leiden.
    Guillot, Claude, Lukman Nurhakim, Sonny Wibisono, Banten avant l'Islam - Etude archéologique de Banten Girang (Java Indonésie) 932 (?)-1526 ("Banten sebelum Islam - Studi arkeologis tentang Banten Girang 932 (?)-1526"), École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1994, ISBN 2-85539-773-1
    Guillot, Claude, Lukman Nurhakim, Sonny Wibisono, "La principauté de Banten Girang" ("Kerajaan Banten Girang"), Archipel, Tahun 1995, Volume 50, halaman 13-24
    Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, 2008 (terbitan ke-4)

Source:  : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten
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Cirebon Sultanate - 1445 AD to 1667 AD

Cirebon (Dreamland Library) - Cirebon Sultanate is a prominent Islamic sultanate in West Java in the 15th and 16th centuries AD, and is an important base in inter-island shipping and trade routes.

Its location on the north coast of Java, which is the border between Central Java and West Java, makes it a port and "bridge" between Javanese and Sundanese culture so as to create a distinctive culture, namely Cirebon culture that is not dominated by Javanese culture or Sundanese culture.

History
According to Sulendraningrat who based the Sundanese and Babad Tanah Atad manuscripts on the Carita Purwaka Caruban Nagari script, Cirebon was originally a small hamlet built by Ki Gedeng Tapa, which gradually developed into a bustling village and was named Caruban (Sundanese: mixed), because there are mixed immigrants from various ethnic groups, religions, languages, customs, and different livelihoods for residence or trade.

Since in the beginning most of the community's livelihoods were fishermen, work developed to catch fish and rebon (small shrimp) along the coast as well as making shrimp paste, paste, and salt. From the term used in making terasi (belendrang) from shrimp rebon, the term "cai-rebon" (Sundanese Language :, rebon water) developed, which later became Cirebon. 

With the support of a busy port and natural resources from the interior, Cirebon later became a large city and became one of the important ports on the north coast of Java both in shipping and trading activities in the archipelago and with other parts of the world. In addition, Cirebon grew into a forerunner to the center of the spread of Islam in West Java.

Early development
Ki Gedeng Tapa
Ki Gedeng Tapa (also known as Ki Gedeng Jumajan Jati) is a wealthy merchant in the port of Muarajati, Cirebon. He began to clear the weeds and built a hut and a Tajug (Jalagrahan) on 1 Shura 1358 (Javanese year) to coincide with the year 1445 AD. From then on, migrants began to settle down and form a new community in Caruban village.

Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang
Kuwu or the first Caruban village head who was appointed by the new community was Ki Gedeng Alang-alang. As Pangraksabumi or his representative, Raden Wal directsang was appointed, the son of Prabu Siliwangi and Nyi Mas Subanglarang or Subangkranjang, who were none other than the daughter of Ki Gedeng Tapa. After Ki Gedeng Alang-alang died, Wal directsang who also holds the title Ki Cakrabumi was appointed his successor as the second kuwu, with the title Pangeran Cakrabuana.

Cirebon Sultanate (Pakungwati)
Pangeran Cakrabuana (.... –1479)

Pangeran Cakrabuana is a descendant of Pajajaran. Sri Baduga Maharaja's first son Prabu Siliwangi from his second wife was named SubangLarang (daughter of Ki Gedeng Tapa). His first name is Raden Wal directsang, after a teenager known as Kian Santang. He has two brothers and sisters, namely Nyai Lara Santang / Syarifah Mudaim and Raden Sangara.

As the eldest son and son he did not get his rights as the crown prince of Pakuan Pajajaran. This is because he embraced Islam (passed down by Subanglarang - his mother), while at that time (16th century) the majority religious teachings in Pajajaran were Sunda Wiwitan (Sundanese ancestral religion) Hinduism and Buddhism. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Prabu Surawisesa, Prabu Siliwangi's son from his third wife Nyai Cantring Manikmayang.

When his grandfather Ki Gedeng Tapa who ruled the north coast of Java died, Wal directsang did not continue his grandfather's position, but instead established the Pakungwati palace and formed a government in Cirebon. As such, the first founder of the Cirebon Sultanate was considered Wal directsang or Pangeran Cakrabuana. Prince Cakrabuana, after the pilgrimage was later called Hajj Abdullah Iman, appeared as the first Cirebon "king" to rule from the Pakungwati palace and actively spread Islam to the residents of Cirebon.

Sunan Gunung Jati (1479-1568)
In 1479 AD, his position was replaced by his younger brother's son, Nyai Rarasantang from the results of his marriage to Syarif Abdullah of Egypt, Syarif Hidayatullah (1448-1568) who after death was known as Sunan Gunung Jati with the title Tumenggung Syarif Hidayatullah bin Maulana Sultan Muhammad Syarif Abdullah and also holds the title of Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Susuhunan Teak Purba Panetep Panatagama Awlya Allah Kutubid of the Caliphate of the Prophet.

Rapid growth and development in the Sultanate of Cirebon began by Syarif Hidayatullah or Sunan Gunung Jati. Sunan Gunung Jati was later believed to be the founder of the dynasties of the kings of the Cirebon and the Banten Sultanates as well as the spreaders of Islam in West Java such as Majalengka, Kuningan, Kawali (Galuh), Sunda Kelapa, and Banten.

Fatahillah (1568-1570)
The vacancy of the power holder was then filled with the inauguration of court officials who during Sunan Gunung Jati carried out the missionary duties, the government was held by Fatahillah or Fadillah Khan. Fatahillah then ascended the throne, and ruled Cirebon officially as king since 1568. Fatahillah occupied the throne of Cirebon only lasted two years because he died in 1570, two years after Sunan Gunung Jati died and was buried next to Sunan Gunung Jati's grave in Gedung Jinem Astana Gunung Sembung. [2]

Panembahan Ratu I (1570-1649)
After the death of Fatahillah, because there were no other candidates worthy of being king, the throne of the kingdom fell to Sunan Gunung Jati's grandchildren, namely the Golden Prince, the eldest son of Prince Dipati Carbon or the great-grandson of Sunan Gunung Jati. The Golden Prince then held the Panembahan Ratu I title and ruled Cirebon for approximately 79 years.

Panembahan Ratu II (1649-1677)
After Panembahan Ratu I died in 1649, the government of the Cirebon Sultanate was continued by his grandson named Prince Rasmi or Prince Karim, because Prince Rasmi's father Prince Seda ing Gayam or Panembahan Adiningkusumah died first. Prince Rasmi then used the name of his late father's title Panembahan Adiningkusuma which was later also known as Panembahan Girilaya or Panembahan Ratu II.

Panembahan Girilaya during his reign was sandwiched between two power powers, namely the Sultanate of Banten and the Sultanate of Mataram. Banten is suspicious because Cirebon is considered closer to Mataram (Amangkurat I is Panembahan Girilaya's father-in-law). Mataram on the other hand felt suspicious that Cirebon did not really get closer, because Panembahan Girilaya and Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa from Banten were both descendants of Pajajaran. This condition culminated with the death of Panembahan Girilaya in Kartasura and the arrest of Prince Martawijaya and Prince Kartawijaya in Mataram.

Panembahan Girilaya was the son-in-law of Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusuma from the Sultanate of Mataram. His tomb is in Jogjakarta, on the Girilaya hill, near the tomb of the king of Mataram in Imogiri, Bantul Regency. According to several sources in Imogiri and Girilaya, the height of Panembahan Girilaya's tomb is parallel to the tomb of Sultan Agung in Imogiri.

The splitting of the Cirebon Sultanate
With the death of Panembahan Girilaya, a ruler emptiness ensued. Prince Wangsakerta, who was in charge of the government in Cirebon as long as his father was not present, was worried about the fate of his two brothers. Then he went to Banten to ask for the help of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (son of Prince Abu Maali who was killed in the Pagarage War), he agreed to the request because he saw an opportunity to improve Banten-Cirebon diplomatic relations. With the help of the Trunojoyo Rebels who were supported by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the two Princes were saved. But apparently, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa saw other advantages from his assistance to his relatives in Cirebon, so he appointed the two Princes he saved as Sultan, Prince Mertawijaya as Sultan Kasepuhan & Prince Kertawijaya as Sultan Kanoman, while Prince Wangsakerta had worked hard for 10 more years were only given a small position, this split tactic was carried out to prevent Cirebon from alliances with Mataram.

Split I (1677)
The first division of the Cirebon Sultanate, thus occurred during the coronation of three sons of Panembahan Girilaya, namely Sultan Sepuh, Sultan Anom, and Panembahan Cirebon in 1677. This was a new chapter for the Cirebon palace, where the sultanate was divided into three and each had power. and sent down the next sultans. Thus, the rulers of the next Cirebon Sultanate were:

Sultan of Kasepuhan Palace, Pangeran Martawijaya, with the title of Sultan Sepuh Abil Makarimi Muhammad Samsudin (1677-1703)
Sultan Kanoman, Pangeran Kartawijaya, with the title Sultan Anom Abil Makarimi Muhammad Badrudin (1677-1723)
Prince Wangsakerta, as Panembahan Cirebon with the title Pangeran Abdul Kamil Muhammad Nasarudin or Panembahan Tohpati (1677-1713).

The title change from Panembahan to Sultan for the two eldest sons of Prince Girilaya was carried out by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, because both of them were appointed to be the Sultan of Cirebon in the capital of Banten. As sultans, they had full territory, people and their respective palaces. Prince Wangsakerta was not appointed sultan but only Panembahan. It does not have its own territory or palace, but stands as kaprabonan (paguron), which is a place of learning for the palace's intellectuals. In the imperial tradition in Cirebon, the succession of power since 1677 took place in accordance with the tradition of the palace, where a sultan would give his throne to the eldest son of his empress. If no, grandchildren or great-grandchildren will be sought. If forced, then someone else who can assume that position as a temporary officer.

Split II (1807)
The subsequent succession of the sultans generally proceeded smoothly, until the reign of Sultan Anom IV (1798-1803), where a split occurred because one of his sons, Prince Raja Kanoman, wanted to separate himself from building his own sultanate by the name of Kacirebonan Sultanate.

The will of Prince Raja Kanoman was supported by the Dutch colonial government with the issuance of a letter (Dutch: decree) The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies who appointed Prince Raja Kanoman to become Carbon Sultan Kacirebonan in 1807 with the limitation that his son and successors were not entitled to the title of sultan, enough with the title of prince. Since then in the Sultanate of Cirebon increased one more ruler, namely Kacirebonan Sultanate, a fraction of the Sultanate of Kanoman. While Sultan Kanoman V's throne fell on the son of another Sultan Anom IV named Sultan Anom Abusoleh Imamuddin (1803-1811).

Colonial period and independence
After the incident, the Dutch Colonial government also increasingly intervened in regulating Cirebon, so that the role of the Sultanate palaces of Cirebon in the areas of its control had diminished. The climax occurred in 1906 and 1926, in which the power of the Cirebon Sultanate was officially abolished by the legalization of Gemeente Cheirebon (Cirebon City), which covered an area of ​​1,100 hectares, with a population of about 20,000 people (Stlb. 1906 No. 122 and Stlb. 1926 No. 1926 No. 370). In 1942 Cirebon City was expanded again to 2,450 hectares.

During independence, the Sultanate of Cirebon region became an inseparable part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In general, the area of ​​the Sultanate of Cirebon is covered by the City of Cirebon and the Regency of Cirebon, which are administratively led by an Indonesian government official namely the mayor and regent.

Latest developments
After the period of Indonesian independence, the Cirebon Sultanate was no longer the center of government and the development of the Islamic religion. Even so, the existing palaces still carry out their role as the cultural center of the community, especially in the Cirebon and surrounding areas. The Cirebon Sultanate participated in various traditional ceremonies and celebrations of the community and had taken part in the Keraton Nusantara Festival (FKN) several times.

Generally, Kasepuhan Palace as the palace of Sultan Sepuh is considered the most important because it is the oldest palace that was established in 1529, while the Kanoman Palace as the palace of Sultan Anom was established in 1622, and the latter is the Kacirebonan Palace and the Kaprabonan Palace.

In early March 2003, there was an internal conflict in the Kanoman palace, between Prince Raja Muhammad Emirudin and Prince Elang Muhammad Saladin, for the appointment of Sultan Kanoman XII's throne. The inauguration of the two sultans is expected to cause divisions among the relatives of the palace.

footnote
    ^ http://wisata.kompasiana.com/jalan-jalan/2010/07/26/kesultanan-cirebon-1445-1667/
    ^ (Indonesia) Muljana, Slamet (2005). Runtuhnya kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan timbulnya negara-negara Islam di Nusantara. PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. hlm. 72. ISBN 9798451163.ISBN 9789798451164

Link
    Wildan, H.Dadan, Dr. M.Hum, Cirebon, Masa Lalu dan Kini, Pikiran Rakyat, Edisi Selasa, 8 Juni 2004 [1]
    Permana, Aan Merdeka, Surutnya Kekuasaan Kesultanan Cirebon, Pikiran Rakyat, Edisi Kamis 17 Juni 2004 [2]

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Cirebon#Panembahan_Ratu_II_.281649-1677.29
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Sultanate of Demak - 1478 AD

Demak (Dreamland Library) - The Sultanate of Demak or the Kingdom of Demak is the first and largest Islamic kingdom on the north coast of Java ("Pasisir"). According to Javanese tradition, Demak was previously a duchy of the Majapahit kingdom, then emerged as a new force inheriting the legitimacy of Majapahit's greatness.

This kingdom was recorded as a pioneer in the spread of Islam on the island of Java and Indonesia in general. Although not long-lived and immediately setback because there was a struggle for power among the royal relatives. In 1568, Demak's power shifted to the Pajang Kingdom founded by Jaka Tingkir. One of the historical relics of the Demak Kingdom is the Great Mosque of Demak, which according to tradition was founded by Walisongo.

The location of the Demak palace, which at that time was by the sea, was in the Bintara village (read "Bintoro" in Javanese), now it has become the city of Demak in Central Java. The term kingdom in the period when the capital there was known as Demak Bintara. During the 4th king the capital was moved to Prawata (pronounced "Prawoto") and for this period the kingdom was called Demak Prawata.

Early period
Towards the end of the 15th century, along with the decline of Majapahit, practically some of his domains began to separate. Even the regions scattered over the duchy attacked each other, claiming each other as heirs to the Majapahit throne.

While Demak, located in the north coast of Java, emerged as an independent area. In Javanese tradition it is described that Demak is a direct replacement for Majapahit, while Raja Demak (Raden Patah) is considered the last Majapahit's son. The kingdom of Demak was founded by a likely Chinese Muslim named Cek Ko-po. Most likely his son was a person whom Tomé Pires in his Suma Oriental nicknamed "Pate Rodim", probably meant "Badruddin" or "Kamaruddin" and died around 1504. Rodim's son or sister, named Trenggana reigned from 1505 to 1518, then from 1521 to 1546. Between these two periods the throne was his brother-in-law, Raja Yunus (Pati Unus) of Jepara. While in the Trenggana period around 1527 the military expansion of the Demak Kingdom succeeded in defeating Majapahit.

Golden age
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Demak Kingdom had become a powerful kingdom on the island of Java, none of the other kingdoms on Java were able to match this royal effort in expanding its power by subduing several port and interior areas in the archipelago.

Under Pati Unus
The main article for this section is: Demak Invasion into Malacca
Demak under Pati Unus is Demak with an insight into the archipelago. His big vision was to make Demak a large maritime kingdom. During his leadership, Demak felt threatened by the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. Then several times he sent his fleet to attack the Portuguese in Malacca.

Under Trenggana
Trenggana has contributed to the spread of Islam in East and Central Java. Underneath, Demak began to control other Javanese areas such as seizing Sunda Kelapa from Pajajaran and driving out Portuguese troops who would land there (1527), Tuban (1527), Madiun (1529), Surabaya and Pasuruan (1527), Malang (1545) ), and Blambangan, the last Hindu kingdom at the eastern end of Java (1527, 1546). Trenggana died in 1546 in a battle to conquer Pasuruan, and was later replaced by Sunan Prawoto. One of the Demak warlords at that time was Fatahillah, a young man from Pasai (Sumatra), who was also the son-in-law of the Trenggana king. Meanwhile Maulana Hasanuddin, son of Sunan Gunung Jati, was ordered by Trenggana to subdue Banten Girang. Later the descendants of Maulana Hasanudin made Banten an independent kingdom. Whereas Sunan Kudus was the imam at the Demak Mosque and was also the main leader in the conquest of Majapahit before moving to Kudus.

Setback
Succession to the hands of Sunan Prawoto did not take place smoothly. His appointment as sunan was opposed by Trenggana's younger brother, Prince Sekar Seda Lepen. In the suppression of the rebellion, Prince Sekar Seda Lepen was finally killed. However, in 1561 Sunan Prawoto and his family were killed by Arya Penangsang, the son of Prince Sekar Seda Lepen. Arya Penangsang then became the ruler of the throne of Demak. Arya Penangsang's order also killed Prince Hadiri, Duke of Jepara, and this caused the dukes under Demak to antagonize Arya Penangsang, one of whom was Duke of Pengging.

Arya Penangsang was finally killed in the war by Sutawijaya, Joko Tingkir's adopted son. Joko Tingkir moved the government center to Pajang, where he founded the Pajang Kingdom.

Note

    ^ a b c Ricklefs, M., (2002), A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200, Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804744805.
    ^ M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, halaman 38
    ^ Cortesão, Armando, (1944), The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, London: Hakluyt Society, 2 vols
    ^ Uka Tjandrasasmita, (2009), Arkeologi Islam Nusantara, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, ISBN 979-9102-12-X.

External links
M. Faliqul Isbah, Revealing Hindu-Javanese History, Book Review of the Collapse of the Hindu-Javanese Kingdom and the Emergence of Islamic Countries in the Archipelago, written by Slamet Muljana.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Demak
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Mataram II (Sultanate) - 1582 AD

Main Literacy
Jogja (Dreamland Library) - The center of this kingdom is located in the Kota Gede area (southeast of the city of Yogyakarta). The kingdom of the Sultanate of Mataram was established 1,582 AD led by the dynasty of Ki Ageng Sela and Ki Ageng Archery (who claimed they were still descendants of the Majapahit ruler).

In the golden age of Mataram, the land of Java and surrounding areas had been united, including Madura. This country had fought the VOC in Batavia to prevent the growing power of the VOC trading firm, but ironically it had to accept VOC assistance in the final days before its collapse.

The origin of this kingdom is derived from a duchy under the Sultanate of Pajang (Sultan hadiwijaya), centered on Bumi Mentaok given to Ki Ageng Archery as a reward for his service defeating Arya Penangsang, then Ki Ageng Archery began to build Mataram as a new settlement and rice field.

While its presence in this area and its development efforts have been rejected by local authorities, for example Ki Ageng Giring, Ki Ageng Tembayat and Ki Ageng Mangir.

However, there were also some officials who welcomed, such as Ki Ageng Karanglo, however Ki Ageng Archery continued to carry out development in the area, which was based in Plered, and also prepared a strategy to subdue those who opposed its presence.

Sutawijaya who received assistance from the Kingdom of Pajang, mainly from Sutan Benowo, then moved the government center to the territory of his father, Ki Ageng Pemahan, in Mataram.

Sutawijaya later became the first king of the Sultanate of Mataram with the title Panembahan Senopati I Ngalaga.

In 1,575 AD, Ki Ageng Archery died, and was succeeded by his son named Sutawijaya or Prince Ngabehi Loring Pasar, besides he was determined to continue his father's dream, he also aspired to free himself from Pajang's power.

Therefore the relationship between Mataram and Pajang began to deteriorate until the end of the war. In this war the kingdom of Pajang suffered defeat and Sultan Hadiwijaya died.

Then Sutawijaya appointed himself the first king of the Sultanate of Mataram with the title Panembahan Senopati I Ngalaga, he began to build his kingdom and move the central government to Kotagede.

In 1,590 AD the kingdom of Mataram conquered Madiun, Jipang, Kediri, then proceeded to conquer Pasuruan and Tuban.

As the new king of Islam, he was determined to make Mataram the center of Islamic culture and religion, as the successor to the Sultanate of Demak.

The Islamic Mataram Kingdom at that time adopted the Dewa - Raja system. Which means that the absolute highest power rests with the Sultan.

Sultan Wijaya died and was buried in Kotagede, then his son, Mas Jolang, who was named Prabu Hanyokrowati, was replaced.

At this time there was not much progress, because he was killed in an accident while hunting in the forest of krapyak which was then replaced by his fourth son who was the Duke of Martoputro, but because Duke Martoputro suffered from a neurological illness, the throne turned to Mas Jolang's eldest son named Raden Mas Rangsang, at this time the kingdom of mataram progressed and experienced a golden period.

After conquering Madura he replaced the "panembahan" with "Sesuhunan" (sunan) and then used the title "Susuhunan Hanyakrakusuma" last in 1,640 AD, after from Mecca he assumed the title "Sultan Agung Senopati Ing Alaga Abdurrahman" and he moved the palace's location to "Karta" due to friction in trade domination between Mataram and the VOC centered in Batavia.

After Sultan Agung died, he was replaced by his son "Sesuhunan Amangkurat 1," he moved the palace location to Plered in 1,647 AD not far from "Karta".

In addition, he also no longer used the title of sultan, but Sunan (Sesuhunan or the latter). At this time the kingdom of Mataram was less stable, because of a lot of dissatisfaction, and rebellion,

There was a big rebellion led by a nobleman from Madura named Trunajaya.

Trunajaya finally succeeded in defeating Mataram, Amangkurat 1 escaped, and died in his escape in Tegalarum (1,677 AD), so he was nicknamed Sunan Tegalarum.

Then Amangkurat 1 was replaced by his son Amangkurat II, and joined the VOC to defeat Trunajaya's army and finally succeeded.

During this time Amangkurat II was very obedient to the VOC, causing dissatisfaction among the court, and eventually many rebellions occurred again. During this time the Mataram palace was moved to Kartasura (1,680 AD).

After Amangkurat II died, and was replaced by Amangkurat III, the VOC was not happy with Amangkurat III, because he opposed the VOC

The answer to the displeasure of the VOC, the VOC appointed Pakubuwana I as king, as a result Mataram had two kings and this made the internal divisions

Amangkurat III eventually rebelled, but found his defeat, then was captured in Batavia, then exiled to Ceylon, Sri Lanka, and died in 1,734 AD

Political turmoil from time to time was finally resolved during the Pakubuana III, after the Mataram region was divided into two namely the Ngayogyakarta Sultanate and Suarakarta Sunanate on February 13, 1755.

Giyanti Agreement
This division of territory was contained in the Giyanti Agreement, which was an agreement made by the VOC, Mataram (represented by Pakubuwana III), and the Prince Mangkubumi group.

Giyanti's name was taken from the location of the agreement (Dutch spelling, now the place is located in the Kerten hamlet, Jantiharjo Village) in the southeastern city of Karanganyar, Central Java.

This agreement marked the end of the fully independent Mataram kingdom.

Based on this agreement the Mataram region is divided into two;

• The area to the east of the Opak River was controlled by the heir to the throne of Mataram, Sunan Pakubuwana III, and remained domiciled in Surakarta
• The area in the west was handed over to Prince Mangkubumi, and at the same time was appointed as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I based in Yogyakarta.

The split occurred again with the emergence of Mangkunegara (RM Said) which was separated from the dominance of Surakarta and Pakualaman (P. Nata Kusuma), and the four Mataram fractions were still continuing their respective dynasties, even those Mataram fractions especially the Yogyakarta Sultanate were still quite large, and were recognized by the public .

Important phenomenon

• 1.558 AD - Ki Ageng Archery was awarded the Mataram region by Sultan Pajang Adiwijaya for his services defeating Arya Penangsang.
• 1.577 AD - Ki Ageng Archery built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede.
• 1,584 AD - Ki Ageng Archery died. Sultan Pajang appointed Sutawijaya, the son of Ki Ageng Pemahan as the new ruler in Mataram, who was previously the adopted son of Sultan Pajang with the title "Mas Ngabehi Loring Pasar" (because his house is north of the market). He got the title "Senapati in Ngalaga" (because it is still considered as the Main Senapati Pajang under Sultan Pajang).
•     1587 - Pajang Sultanate troops who will invade Mataram are ravaged by the eruption of Mount Merapi. Sutawijaya and his troops survived.
• 1,588 AD - Mataram became a kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan, having the title "Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama" meaning Warlord and Religious Life Regulatory Scholars.
• 1,601 AD - Panembahan Senopati died and was replaced by his son, Mas Jolang who had the title Panembahan Hanyakrawati and later became known as "Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak" due to his death while hunting (Javanese: krapyak).
• 1.613 AD - Mas Jolang died, then was succeeded by his son Prince Aryo Martoputro. Because often sick, then replaced by his brother Raden Mas Rangsang. The first title used was Panembahan Hanyakrakusuma or "Prabu Pandita Hanyakrakusuma". After Conquering Madura he used the title "Susuhunan Hanyakrakusuma". Finally after the 1640s he used the title "Sultan Agung Senapati Ingalaga Abdurrahman"
• 1,645 AD - Sultan Agung died and was succeeded by his son Susuhunan Amangkurat I.
• 1,645 AD - 1,677 CE - Disagreements and divisions within the Mataram royal family, which were utilized by the VOC.
• 1,677 AD - Trunajaya surges towards the Capital of Pleret. Susuhunan Amangkurat I died. The Crown Prince was appointed as Susuhunan Amangkurat II in exile. Prince Puger who was in charge of the capital Pleret began to rule with the title Susuhunan Ing Ngalaga.
• 1,680 AD - Susuhunan Amangkurat II moved the capital to Kartasura.
• 1,681 AD - Prince Puger is descended from Plered's throne.
• 1703 AD - Susuhunan Amangkurat III died. The crown prince was appointed Susuhunan Amangkurat III.
• 1704 AD - With the help of VOC Prince Puger was crowned Susuhunan Paku Buwono I. Beginning of the First Throne War (1704-1708). Susuhunan Amangkurat III formed a government of exile.
• 1,708 AD - Susuhunan Amangkurat III is captured and exiled to Sri Lanka until his death in 1734.
• 1,719 M - Susuhunan Paku Buwono I died and was replaced by the crown prince with the title Susuhunan Amangkurat IV or Prabu Mangkurat Jawa. Beginning of the Second Javanese Throne War (1719-1723).
• 1,726 AD - Susuhunan Amangkurat IV died and was replaced by the Crown Prince who was entitled Susuhunan Paku Buwono II.
• 1,742 AD - The capital of Kartasura is controlled by rebels. Susuhunan Paku Buwana II is in exile.
• 1,743 M - With the help of the VOC, the capital of Kartasura was captured from the hands of the rebels with a devastating state. A very heavy agreement (mortgaging Mataram sovereignty to the VOC as long as it was unable to pay off the warfare debt) for Mataram made by Susuhunan Paku Buwono II in return for VOC assistance.
• 1,745 AD - Susuhunan Paku Buwana II built a new capital in the village of Sala on the banks of the Bengawan Beton.
• 1,746 AD - Susuhunan Paku Buwana II officially occupies a new capital city named Surakarta. Palace conflict caused Susuhunan's brother, Prince Mangkubumi, to leave the palace.
• 1746 - 1757 The Third Javanese Throne War broke out which lasted more than 10 years, and made the Kingdom of Mataram into two major kingdoms, and one small kingdom.
• 1,749 AD - December 11, Susuhunan Paku Buwono II signed the transfer of Mataram sovereignty to the VOC. But de facto Mataram could only be completely subdued in 1830.
• 1,749 AD - December 12, In Yogyakarta, Pangeran Mangkubumi was proclaimed Susuhunan Paku Buwono by his followers.
• 1,749 AD - December 15, van Hohendorff announced the Crown Prince as Susuhunan Paku Buwono III.
• 1,752 AD - Mangkubumi successfully stirred uprisings in the provinces of Pasisiran (the Java pantura area) from Banten to Madura. Split Mangkubumi - RM Said.
• 1,754 AD - September 23, Nicolas Hartingh calls for a ceasefire and peace.
• 1,754 AD - November 4, Mangkubumi - Hartingh Memorandum of Understanding. Paku Buwono III ratified the memorandum of understanding. Batavia despite objections had no choice but to ratify the same memorandum.
• 1,755 AD - February 13, The peak of the split occurred, marked by the Giyanti Agreement which divided the Kingdom of Mataram into two, namely Surakarta and Yogyakarta Sultanate. Prince Mangkubumi became Sultan of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta with the title "Ingkang Sinuwun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengku Buwono Senopati Ing-Ngalaga Ngabdurakhman Sayidin Panatagama Khalifatullah" or more popular with the title Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I.
• 1775 AD - Disunity again struck Mataram. The Salatiga Agreement, an agreement that further divided the Sultanate of Mataram region which had been divided, was signed on 17 March 1,757 AD in the City of Salatiga between Raden Mas Said (Mankunegaran I) with Sunan Paku Buwono III, VOC and Sultan Hamengku Buwono I. Raden Mas Said was appointed as the ruler of a prince, Praja Mangkunegaran who was released from Surakarta's Occupation with the title "Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangku Nagara Senopati Ing Ayudha".
• 1,788 AD - Susuhunan Paku Buwono III dies.
• 1,792 AD - Sultan Hamengku Buwono I dies.
• 1,795 AD - KGPAA Mangku Nagara I died.
• 1,799 M - VOC was dissolved
• 1,813 AD - Disunity again struck Mataram. Prince. Nata Kusuma was appointed as the ruler of a principality, the Duchy of Paku Alaman who was separated from the Sultanate of Yogyakarta with the title "Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Paku Alam".
• 1830 AD - End of the Diponegoro war. The whole area of ​​Yogyakarta and Surakarta was captured by the Dutch.
• 1,830 M - 27 September, the Klaten Agreement determines a permanent poultice between Surakarta and Yogyakarta, and permanently divides the Kingdom of Mataram signed by Sasradiningrat, Pepatih Dalem Surakarta, and Danurejo, Pepatih Dalem Yogyakarta. Mataram was de facto and de yure controlled by the Dutch East Indies.

Main Literacy

Sources: From Various Sources
Photo: Special

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