Origin
Actually the name of the Pajang country has been known since the days of the Majapahit Kingdom. According to Nagarakretagama written in 1365, there was a younger sister Hayam Wuruk (king of Majapahit at the time) serving as the ruler of Pajang, titled Bhatara i Pajang, or abbreviated as Bhre Pajang. His real name is Dyah Nertaja, who is the mother of Wikramawardhana, the next king of Majapahit.
In chronicle texts, the country of Pengging is called the forerunner of Pajang. The legendary folklore calls Pengging an ancient kingdom that was once led by Prabu Anglingdriya, the mortal enemy of King Baka king of Prambanan. This story continues with the fable of the founding of Prambanan Temple.
When Majapahit was led by Brawijaya (the last king of the text version of the chronicle), the name Pengging reappeared. It is said that Brawijaya's daughter named Retno Ayu Pembayun was abducted Menak Daliputih king of Blambangan, son of Menak Jingga. A hero named Jaka Sengara appeared who succeeded in capturing the princess and killing her captor.
For his services, Jaka Sengara was appointed by Brawijaya as the regent of Pengging and was married to Retno Ayu Pembayun. Jaka Sengara then holds the title Andayaningrat.
Pajang is seen as the first kingdom to emerge in the interior of Java after the collapse of the Muslim kingdom in Pasisir
According to the chronicle script, Andayaningrat died at the hands of Sunan Ngudung during the war between Majapahit and Demak. He was later replaced by his son, named Raden Kebo Kenanga, titled Ki Ageng Pengging. Since then Pengging became a subordinate area of the Kingdom of Demak.
Several years later Ki Ageng Pengging was sentenced to death because he was accused of wanting to rebel against Demak. His son, who had the title Jaka Tingkir as an adult, actually served Demak.
Jaka Tingkir's brilliant achievements in the army made him appointed as Trenggana's son-in-law, and became the Pajang regent with the title Hadiwijaya. The Pajang area at that time included the Pengging area (now roughly covering Boyolali and Klaten), Tingkir (Salatiga area), Need, and surrounding areas.
After Trenggana died in 1546, Sunan Prawoto took the throne, but his cousin was killed by his cousin, Arya Penangsang, the regent of Jipang in 1549. After that, Arya Penangsang also tried to kill Hadiwijaya but failed.
With the support of Ratu Kalinyamat (regent of Jepara and daughter of Trenggana), Hadiwijaya and his followers defeated Arya Penangsang. He also became the heir to the throne of Demak, whose capital was moved to Pajang.
Development
At the beginning of its establishment in 1549, the Pajang region only covered a portion of Central Java, because many East Javanese countries had escaped since the death of Trenggana.
In 1568 Hadiwijaya and the dukes of East Java were brought together at Giri Kedaton by Sunan Prapen. On that occasion, the dukes agreed to recognize Pajang sovereignty over the countries of East Java. As a sign of political ties, Panji Wiryakrama from Surabaya (leader of the East Java dukes alliance) was married to the daughter of Hadiwijaya.
Another strong country, namely Madura, was also successfully subdued by Pajang. The leader named Raden Pratanu alias Panembahan Lemah Dhuwur was also taken as Hadiwijaya's son-in-law.
The role of Guardian Songo
During the time of the Demak Kingdom, the Wali Songo ulama council had an important role, and even co-founded the kingdom. This assembly convenes regularly for a certain period and participates in determining Demak's political policies.
After Trenggana died, the role of Wali Songo also faded. Sunan Kudus was even involved in the murder of Sunan Prawoto, the new king replacing Trenggana.
Even though they are no longer actively meeting, the guardians are still more or less still involved in Pajang's political policy making. For example, Sunan Prapen acted as the inaugurator of Hadiwijaya as king. He also became the mediator of the Hadiwijaya meeting with the dukes of East Java in 1568. Meanwhile, Sunan Kalijaga also helped Ki Ageng Archery ask for his right to Hadiwijaya over the land of Mataram as a prize against the Arya Penangsang.
Another trustee who still plays a role according to the chronicle script is Sunan Kudus. After the death of Hadiwijaya in 1582, he succeeded in removing Prince Benawa from the crown prince's position, and replaced him with Arya Pangiri.
Perhaps what is meant by Sunan Kudus in the Chronicle text is Panembahan Kudus, because Sunan Kudus himself died in 1550.
Mataram Uprising
The land of Mataram and Pati were two Hadiwijaya prizes for anyone who was able to crush the Arya Penangsang in 1549. According to the official warfare report, Arya Penangsang was killed by Ki Ageng Archery and Ki Penjawi.
Ki Penjawi was appointed as the ruler of Pati since 1549. While Ki Ageng Archery only got his prize in 1556 thanks to the help of Sunan Kalijaga. This is because Hadiwijaya heard Sunan Prapen's prediction that in Mataram a greater kingdom would emerge than Pajang.
This prediction came true when Mataram was led by Sutawijaya son of Ki Ageng Archery since 1575. This Sutawijaya figure actually killed Arya Penangsang. Under his leadership, the area of Mataram is increasingly advancing and developing.
In 1582 war broke out in Pajang and Mataram because Sutawijaya defended his brother-in-law, Tumenggung Mayang, who was sentenced to exile to Semarang by Hadiwijaya. The war was won by the Mataram side even though the Pajang troops were larger in number.
Collapse
After returning from the war, Hadiwijaya fell ill and died. There was competition between his son and son-in-law, Prince Benawa and Arya Pangiri as the next king. Arya Pangiri supported by Panembahan Kudus successfully ascended the throne in 1583.
The role of Guardian Songo
During the time of the Demak Kingdom, the Wali Songo ulama council had an important role, and even co-founded the kingdom. This assembly convenes regularly for a certain period and participates in determining Demak's political policies.
After Trenggana died, the role of Wali Songo also faded. Sunan Kudus was even involved in the murder of Sunan Prawoto, the new king replacing Trenggana.
Even though they are no longer actively meeting, the guardians are still more or less still involved in Pajang's political policy making. For example, Sunan Prapen acted as the inaugurator of Hadiwijaya as king. He also became the mediator of the Hadiwijaya meeting with the dukes of East Java in 1568. Meanwhile, Sunan Kalijaga also helped Ki Ageng Archery ask for his right to Hadiwijaya over the land of Mataram as a prize against the Arya Penangsang.
Another trustee who still plays a role according to the chronicle script is Sunan Kudus. After the death of Hadiwijaya in 1582, he succeeded in removing Prince Benawa from the crown prince's position, and replaced him with Arya Pangiri.
Perhaps what is meant by Sunan Kudus in the Chronicle text is Panembahan Kudus, because Sunan Kudus himself died in 1550.
Mataram Uprising
The land of Mataram and Pati were two Hadiwijaya prizes for anyone who was able to crush the Arya Penangsang in 1549. According to the official warfare report, Arya Penangsang was killed by Ki Ageng Archery and Ki Penjawi.
Ki Penjawi was appointed as the ruler of Pati since 1549. While Ki Ageng Archery only got his prize in 1556 thanks to the help of Sunan Kalijaga. This is because Hadiwijaya heard Sunan Prapen's prediction that in Mataram a greater kingdom would emerge than Pajang.
This prediction came true when Mataram was led by Sutawijaya son of Ki Ageng Archery since 1575. This Sutawijaya figure actually killed Arya Penangsang. Under his leadership, the area of Mataram is increasingly advancing and developing.
In 1582 war broke out in Pajang and Mataram because Sutawijaya defended his brother-in-law, Tumenggung Mayang, who was sentenced to exile to Semarang by Hadiwijaya. The war was won by the Mataram side even though the Pajang troops were larger in number.
Collapse
After returning from the war, Hadiwijaya fell ill and died. There was competition between his son and son-in-law, Prince Benawa and Arya Pangiri as the next king. Arya Pangiri supported by Panembahan Kudus successfully ascended the throne in 1583.
The Arya Pangiri government was only busy with revenge efforts against Mataram. Pajang people's lives have been neglected. That made Prince Benawa who had been eliminated to Jipang, concerned.
In 1586 Prince Benawa allied with Sutawijaya to invade Pajang. Although in 1582 Sutawijaya fought Hadiwijaya, Prince Benawa still regarded him as an older brother.
The war between Pajang against Mataram and Jipang ended with the defeat of Arya Pangiri. He was returned to his native country, Demak. Prince Benawa later became the third king of Pajang.
Prince Benawa's reign ended in 1587. There was no crown prince who succeeded him so Pajang was made a subordinate land of Mataram. The regent there was Pangeran Gagak Baning, Sutawijaya's younger brother.
Sutawijaya himself founded the Mataram Kingdom, where he was the first king to hold the title Panembahan Senopati.
List of King Pajang
Jaka Tingkir or Hadiwijaya
Arya Pangiri or Ngawantipura
Prince Benawa or Prabuwijaya
Literature
In 1586 Prince Benawa allied with Sutawijaya to invade Pajang. Although in 1582 Sutawijaya fought Hadiwijaya, Prince Benawa still regarded him as an older brother.
The war between Pajang against Mataram and Jipang ended with the defeat of Arya Pangiri. He was returned to his native country, Demak. Prince Benawa later became the third king of Pajang.
Prince Benawa's reign ended in 1587. There was no crown prince who succeeded him so Pajang was made a subordinate land of Mataram. The regent there was Pangeran Gagak Baning, Sutawijaya's younger brother.
Sutawijaya himself founded the Mataram Kingdom, where he was the first king to hold the title Panembahan Senopati.
List of King Pajang
Jaka Tingkir or Hadiwijaya
Arya Pangiri or Ngawantipura
Prince Benawa or Prabuwijaya
Literature
Andjar Any. 1980. Raden Ngabehi Ronggowarsito, Apa yang Terjadi? Semarang: Aneka Ilmu
Andjar Any. 1979. Rahasia Ramalan Jayabaya, Ranggawarsita & Sabdopalon. Semarang: Aneka Ilmu
Babad Majapahit dan Para Wali Jilid 3. 1989. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah
Babad Tanah Jawi, Mulai dari Nabi Adam Sampai Tahun 1647. (terj.). 2007. Yogyakarta: Narasi
H.J.de Graaf dan T.H. Pigeaud. 2001. Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam Pertama di Jawa. Terj. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti
Hayati dkk. 2000. Peranan Ratu Kalinyamat di jepara pada Abad XVI. Jakarta: Proyek Peningkatan Kesadaran Sejarah Nasional Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Moedjianto. 1987. Konsep Kekuasaan Jawa: Penerapannya oleh Raja-raja Mataram. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Purwadi. 2007. Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2008 (terbitan ke-4), ISBN 978-0-230-54686-8
Slamet Muljana. 1979. Nagarakretagama dan Tafsir Sejarahnya. Jakarta: Bhratara
Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sultanate_Pajang
Photo: Special
Photo: Special
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